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to the full extent of his power

Толкование Перевод

1 extent

-t
noun

1) (the area or length to which something extends: The bird's wings measured 20 centimetres at their fullest extent; The garden is nearly a kilometre in extent; A vast extent of grassland.) størrelse, areal, omfang, utstrekning

2) (amount; degree: What is the extent of the damage?; To what extent can we trust him?) omfang, grad, rekkevidde, utstrekning

•

- to a certain extent / to some extent

omfang
--------
størrelse
--------
utstrekning

subst. \/ɪkˈstent\/, \/ekˈstent\/

1) ( også overført) utstrekning, omfang, vidde, grad, størrelse

• this is a movement of considerable extent

dette er en bevegelse med stor utbredelse

• the extent of danger is unclear

det er uklart hvor farlig det er

• we saw the full extent of the park

vi fikk se parken i hele dens utstrekning

• this road is four kilometres in extent

denne veien er fire kilometer lang

2) strekning, overflate, areal, område

• he owned a vast extent of marsh

han eide et enormt område med myrstrekninger

3) (jus, historisk) vurdering (av jordeiendom), utlegg

to a great extent i stor utstrekning, i høy grad, for en stor del

to some extent til en viss grad, i noen grad

to such an extent that i en slik grad at

to the extent of opp til, til et beløp av

to the extent that i den grad at

to the full extent i full utstrekning

• to the full extent of his power

så mye han klarer\/makter

• he heard the full extent of of the tragedy

han fikk kjennskap til alle detaljer ved tragedien

to what extent i hvilken grad, i hvor høy grad

English-Norwegian dictionary > extent
2 full

full

A adj

1 ( completely filled) [box, glass, room, cupboard] plein ; [hotel, flight, car park] complet/-ète ; [theatre] comble ; a full tank of petrol un plein réservoir d'essence ; a full bottle of whisky une pleine bouteille de whisky ; full to the brim plein à ras bord ; full to overflowing [bucket] plein à déborder ; [room, suitcase] plein à craquer ○ ; I've got my hands full lit j'ai les mains pleines ; fig je suis débordé ; don't speak with your mouth full ne parle pas la bouche pleine ; full of plein de [ideas, life, energy, surprises] ; the hotel/the train is full of tourists l'hôtel/le train est plein de touristes ; the papers are full of the accident les journaux ne parlent que de l'accident ; he's full of his holiday plans il ne parle que de ses projets de vacances ; to be full of oneself péj être imbu de soi-même ; to be full of one's own importance être plein de suffisance ;

2 ( sated) ( also full up) [stomach] plein ; to drink/swim on a full stomach boire/se baigner le ventre plein ; I'm full ○ je n'en peux plus ;

3 ( busy) [day, week] chargé, bien rempli ; my diary is full for this week mon agenda est complet pour cette semaine ; she leads a very full life elle mène une vie très remplie ;

4 ( complete) [pack of cards, set of teeth] complet/-ète ; [name, breakfast, story, details] complet/-ète ; [price, control] total ; [responsibility] entier/-ière ; [support] inconditionnel/-elle ; [understanding, awareness] total ; [inquiry, investigation] approfondi ; the full extent of the damage/of the disaster l'ampleur des dégâts/du désastre ; the full implications of toutes les implications de, toute la portée de ; he has a full head of hair il a tous ses cheveux ; to be in full view être parfaitement visible ; in full view of sb sous les yeux de qn ;

5 ( officially recognized) [member, partner] à part entière ; [right] plein (before n) ;

6 ( maximum) [employment, bloom, power] plein (before n) ; he has the radio at full volume il a mis la radio à plein volume ; at full speed à toute vitesse ; in full sunlight en plein soleil ; to make full use of sth, to use sth to full advantage profiter pleinement de qch [opportunity, situation] ; to get full marks GB obtenir la note maximale ; she deserves full marks for courage GB elle mérite des félicitations pour son courage ;

7 ( for emphasis) [hour, kilo, month] bon/bonne (before n) ; it took them three full weeks to reply ils ont mis trois bonnes semaines pour répondre ; turn the knob a full 180 degrees tourne complètement le bouton à 180 degrés ;

8 ( rounded) [cheeks, face] rond ; [lips] charnu ; [figure] fort ; [skirt, sleeve] ample ; clothes for the fuller figure vêtements pour personnes fortes ;

9 Astron [moon] plein ; there's a full moon c'est la pleine lune ; when the moon is full à la pleine lune ;

10 ( rich) [flavour, tone] riche.

B adv

1 ( directly) to hit sb full in the face/stomach frapper qn en plein visage/ventre ; to look sb full in the face regarder qn droit dans les yeux ;

2 ( very) to know full well that savoir fort bien que ; as you know full well comme tu le sais fort bien ;

3 ( to the maximum) is the volume turned up full? est-ce que le volume est à fond? ; with the heating up full avec le chauffage à fond.

C in full adv phr to write sth in full écrire qch en toutes lettres ; to pay sb in full payer qn intégralement ; to publish/describe sth in full publier/décrire qch intégralement.

Idiom

to enjoy ou live life to the full profiter pleinement de l'existence.

Big English-French dictionary > full
3 extent

ɪksˈtent сущ.
1) пространство, протяжение, расстояние, протяженность;
объем in area extent ≈ по площади to its full extent ≈ во всю ширь They occupied only a small extent of England. ≈ Они захватили только малую часть Англии. Syn: size, space, room
2) мера, степень, рамки, пределы to a certain extent ≈ в известной степени to a lesser extent ≈ в меньшей степени to some extent ≈ до некоторой степени;
в некотором роде to the extent of ≈ до размера, в пределах extent of mineralization ≈ геол. минерализованность Syn: scope I
3) размер, величина extent of business ≈ экон. размер операций, объем операций The extent of kite's wings is more than five feet. ≈ Размер крыльев коршуна составляет более пяти футов. протяжение, протяженность - latitudinal * протяженность по широте - * of front( военное) протяжение фронта - we were able to see the full * of the park нам удалось осмотреть всю территорию парка объем, пределы - the * of power пределы власти - I was amazed at the * of his knowledge я был поражен широтой его знаний - he was prepared to supply money to the * of $ 10,000 он был готов предоставить средства о пределах 10000 долларов - to reduce the * of the law's application сузить рамки применимости этого закона степень, мера - to a great * в большой мере, в значительной степени - to the full * в полной мере - to a certain * в известной мере;
до известной степени - to some * до некоторой степени - to such an * до такой степени, до таких пределов, в такой мере - to what * can he be trusted? насколько ему можно верить? - the quarrel was carried to a foolish * в этом споре они дошли до нелепости размер, величина - * of error величина ошибки /погрешности/ - a serpent of huge * змея огромного размера (компьютерное) экстент, поле, область или зона памяти data ~ block вчт. блок расширения данных to exert oneself to the utmost ~ стараться изо всех сил extent величина ~ доход с недвижимости ~ конфискация имущества ~ мера ~ объем ~ оценка имущества ~ протяжение, пространство ~ протяженность ~ размер ~ степень, мера;
to what extent? до какой степени, насколько?;
to a great extent в значительной степени ~ степень ~ (шотл.) стоимость недвижимости, оценка недвижимости ~ судебный приказ о конфискации имущества ~ судебный приказ о производстве оценки имущества ~ вчт. экстент ~ of damage размер ущерба to such an ~ до такой степени ~ степень, мера;
to what extent? до какой степени, насколько?;
to a great extent в значительной степени to the full ~ of one's power в полную силу ~ степень, мера;
to what extent? до какой степени, насколько?;
to a great extent в значительной степени to wide ~ в значительной степени to wide ~ в широком смысле

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > extent
4 extent

[ıkʹstent] n
1. 1) протяжение, протяжённость

latitudinal [longitudinal] extent - протяжённость по широте [по долготе]

extent of front - воен. протяжение фронта

we were able to see the full extent of the park - нам удалось осмотреть всю территорию парка

2) объём, пределы

the extent of power - пределы власти

I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge - я был поражён широтой его знаний

he has prepared to supply money to the extent of $10,000 - он был готов предоставить средства в пределах 10 000 долларов

to reduce the extent of the law's application - сузить рамки применимости этого закона

2. степень, мера

to a great extent - в большой мере, в значительной степени

to the full extent - в полной мере

to a certain extent - в известной мере; до известной степени

to some extent - до некоторой степени

to such an extent - до такой степени, до таких пределов, в такой мере

to what extent can he be trusted? - насколько ему можно верить?

the quarrel was carried to a foolish extent - в этом споре они дошли до нелепости

3. размер, величина

extent of error - величина ошибки /погрешности/

a serpent of huge extent - змея огромного размера

4. вчт. экстент, поле, область или зона памяти

НБАРС > extent
5 extent

-t
noun

1) (the area or length to which something extends: The bird's wings measured 20 centimetres at their fullest extent; The garden is nearly a kilometre in extent; A vast extent of grassland.) extensión

2) (amount; degree: What is the extent of the damage?; To what extent can we trust him?) amplitud, alcance

•

- to a certain extent / to some extent

extent n extensión / alcance

we do not know the extent of the damage no conocemos el alcance de los daños

extent

tr[ɪk'stent]

noun

1 (expanse) extensión nombre femenino

2 (range, scale, scope) amplitud nombre femenino, vastedad nombre femenino, alcance nombre masculino

■ the full extent of the damage is not known no se conoce el alcance total de los daños

■ the extent of her knowledge la amplitud de sus conocimientos

3 (point) punto

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to a certain extent hasta cierto punto

to a large extent en gran parte, en gran medida

to some extent hasta cierto punto

to such an extent that... hasta tal punto que...

to that extent hasta tal punto

to the extent that... hasta el punto de que...

to what extent? ¿hasta qué punto?

extent [ɪk'stɛnt, ɛk-] n

1) size: extensión f, magnitud f

2) degree, scope: alcance m, grado m

to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto

extent

n.

• alcance s.m.

• amplitud s.f.

• círculo s.m.

• ensanche s.m.

• extensión s.f.

• grado s.m.

• latitud s.f.

• magnitud s.f.

ɪk'stent
mass noun

1) (size, area) extensión f

to its fullest extent — en toda su extensión

2)

a) (range, degree - of knowledge) amplitud f, vastedad f; (- of problem) alcance m

the extent of the damage — la importancia or el alcance de los daños; ( in monetary terms) la cuantía de los daños

b) (in phrases)

to some extent, to a certain extent — hasta cierto punto, en cierta medida

to a large extent — en gran parte, en buena medida

to a greater/lesser extent — en mayor/menor medida, en mayor/menor grado

to that extent — hasta ese punto

to what extent — en qué medida, hasta qué punto

[ɪks'tent]
N
1) (in space) [of land, road] extensión f

2) (=scope) [of knowledge, damage, activities] alcance m ; [of power] límite m

the extent of the problem — el alcance or la envergadura del problema

we did not know the extent of his injuries until later — no tuvimos conocimiento del alcance de sus lesiones hasta más tarde

3) (=degree) [of commitment, loss] grado m

to what extent? — ¿hasta qué punto?

to a certain or to some extent — hasta cierto punto

to a large extent — en gran parte or medida

to a small extent — en menor grado

to such an extent that — hasta tal punto que

to the extent of — (=as far as) hasta el punto de; (in money) por la cantidad de

to that extent, she is right — en ese sentido, ella tiene razón

* * *
[ɪk'stent]
mass noun

1) (size, area) extensión f

to its fullest extent — en toda su extensión

2)

a) (range, degree - of knowledge) amplitud f, vastedad f; (- of problem) alcance m

the extent of the damage — la importancia or el alcance de los daños; ( in monetary terms) la cuantía de los daños

b) (in phrases)

to some extent, to a certain extent — hasta cierto punto, en cierta medida

to a large extent — en gran parte, en buena medida

to a greater/lesser extent — en mayor/menor medida, en mayor/menor grado

to that extent — hasta ese punto

to what extent — en qué medida, hasta qué punto

English-spanish dictionary > extent
6 alcance

m.

1 range.

de corto/largo alcance short-/long-range

2 scope, extent.

de alcance important

3 reach, range, scope, extent.

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: alcanzar.

* * *

alcance

► nombre masculino

1 reach, grasp

■ está al alcance de todo el mundo it's within everyone's reach

2 (de arma) range

3 (trascendencia) scope, importance

4 (inteligencia) intelligence

■ persona de pocos alcances person of low intelligence

* * *

noun m.

1) reach, scope

2) range

3) extent

* * *

SM

1) (=posibilidad de acceso) [de brazo, persona] reach; [de pensamiento] scope

el escaso alcance de la mente humana — the limited scope of the human mind

• al alcance de algn — available to sb

empleó todos los medios a su alcance — she used all the means available to her

no tenía el dinero a su alcance — he didn't have access to the money, he didn't have the money available

• estar al alcance de algn — to be within sb's reach

vi que estaba a mi alcance y lo cogí — I saw that it was within my reach and I grabbed it

el récord estaba a nuestro alcance — the record was within our grasp o reach

estas joyas no están al alcance de cualquiera — not everyone can afford these jewels

hizo lo que estaba a su alcance por ayudarme — he did what he could to help me

• estar fuera del alcance de algn — (=alejado, imposible) to be out of sb's reach, be beyond sb's reach; (=incomprensible) to be over sb's head; (=caro) to be beyond sb's means

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños — keep out of reach of children

quiero estar fuera del alcance de esas miradas — I don't want to be the object of those looks

se encontraban fuera del alcance de los disparos — they were out of the gunfire

• al alcance de la mano — at hand, within arm's reach

• al alcance del oído — within earshot

• poner algo al alcance de algn — to make sth available to sb

un intento de poner la cultura al alcance de todos — an attempt to make culture available to everyone

• al alcance de la vista — within sight

cuando el faro estuvo al alcance de nuestra vista — when the lighthouse came into view o was within sight

• al alcance de la voz — within call

2) (=distancia) (Mil) range

• al alcance — within range

• de corto alcance — [arma, misil] short-range antes de s ; [objetivo, proyecto] short-term antes de s

• de gran o largo alcance — [faros] full beam antes de s, high beam antes de s (EEUU); [arma, misil, micrófono] long-range antes de s ; [vuelo] long haul antes de s ; [efecto, repercusiones] far-reaching

• de medio o mediano alcance — [arma, misil] medium-range
buzón 1)
3) (=importancia) [de problema] extent; [de noticia, suceso] importance, significance

el alcance del problema — the extent of the problem

esta huelga tiene mayor alcance para los trabajadores — this strike has greater importance o significance for the workers

comprendió el verdadero alcance de lo ocurrido — she understood the true significance of what had happened

una crisis de alcance planetario — a worldwide crisis

4) (=persecución) pursuit

• andar o ir a los alcances de algn — to press close on sb

• dar alcance a algn — (=capturar) to capture sb; (=llegar a la altura) to catch up with sb

cuando la policía le dio alcance — when the police captured him

a punto estuvo de dar alcance al líder de la carrera — he was on the point of catching (up with) the leader of the race

el Barcelona ha dado alcance al Madrid en el número de puntos — Barcelona have caught up with Madrid in number of points

• andar o ir en los alcances a algn — to spy on sb

• seguir el alcance a algn — (Mil) to pursue sb

5) (Econ) adverse balance, deficit

6) (Tip) stop-press, stop-press news

7) pl alcances

a) (=inteligencia) grasp sing

ideas superiores a sus alcances — ideas beyond his grasp

• de cortos o pocos alcances — not very bright

es hombre de cortos alcances — he's not a very intelligent man, he's not too bright

b) CAm (=calumnias) calumnies, malicious accusations

8) Chile

hacer un alcance — to clear sth up, clarify sth

alcance de nombres, no es su padre, es solo un alcance de nombres — he's not his father, it just happens that their names coincide

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( de persona) reach

mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños — keep all medicines out of reach of children

está fuera de mi alcance — it is beyond my means

b) (de arma, emisora) range

misiles de corto/largo alcance — short-range/long-range missiles

c) (de ley, proyecto) scope; (de declaración, noticia) implications

una política educativa de largo alcance — a far-reaching education policy

d) (en locs)

al alcance de — within reach of

poner la cultura al alcance de todos — to make culture accessible to everyone

precios al alcance de su bolsillo — prices to suit your pocket

un lujo que no está a mi alcance — a luxury I can't afford

tiene mucha ayuda a su alcance — he has a lot of help at his disposal

no está al alcance de su inteligencia — it's beyond their grasp

al alcance de la mano — ( literal) at hand; ( fácil de conseguir) within reach

hacer un alcance — (Chi) to add/clarify something

2) (Fin) deficit

* * *

= coverage, extent, grasp, reach, scope, sweep, compass.

Ex. AACR1 is a weighty code, not because it contains extensive enumeration, but rather because of its comprehensive coverage.

Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex. When an item is in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.

Ex. The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.

Ex. Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex. The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.

Ex. All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.

----

* al alcance = within reach, within easy reach, within sight, within gunshot, within range.

* al alcance de = available at the fingertips of.

* al alcance de cualquiera = within anyone's reach, within anybody's reach.

* al alcance de la mano = within arm's reach, within easy reach.

* al alcance del oído = within earshot of.

* al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.

* alcance amplio = broad scope.

* alcance temático = subject scope.

* ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.

* a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* calidad y alcance de, la = quality and extent of, the.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* con todos los medios a + Posesivo + alcance = with all the means at + Posesivo + disposal.

* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.

* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.

* de largo alcance = far-reaching, far-ranging.

* el alcance = comprehensiveness.

* estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estudio de alcance = scoping study.

* facilidad de alcance = reachability.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* nota de alcance = scope note (SN).

* objetivo y alcance = purpose and scope.

* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.

* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.

* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( de persona) reach

mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños — keep all medicines out of reach of children

está fuera de mi alcance — it is beyond my means

b) (de arma, emisora) range

misiles de corto/largo alcance — short-range/long-range missiles

c) (de ley, proyecto) scope; (de declaración, noticia) implications

una política educativa de largo alcance — a far-reaching education policy

d) (en locs)

al alcance de — within reach of

poner la cultura al alcance de todos — to make culture accessible to everyone

precios al alcance de su bolsillo — prices to suit your pocket

un lujo que no está a mi alcance — a luxury I can't afford

tiene mucha ayuda a su alcance — he has a lot of help at his disposal

no está al alcance de su inteligencia — it's beyond their grasp

al alcance de la mano — ( literal) at hand; ( fácil de conseguir) within reach

hacer un alcance — (Chi) to add/clarify something

2) (Fin) deficit

* * *

= coverage, extent, grasp, reach, scope, sweep, compass.

Ex: AACR1 is a weighty code, not because it contains extensive enumeration, but rather because of its comprehensive coverage.

Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex: When an item is in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.

Ex: The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.

Ex: Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex: The grand design is visible in the sweep of development from baked clay tablets to computerized typesetting.

Ex: All truth is contained in the compass of your mind.

* al alcance = within reach, within easy reach, within sight, within gunshot, within range.

* al alcance de = available at the fingertips of.

* al alcance de cualquiera = within anyone's reach, within anybody's reach.

* al alcance de la mano = within arm's reach, within easy reach.

* al alcance del oído = within earshot of.

* al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.

* alcance amplio = broad scope.

* alcance temático = subject scope.

* ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.

* a + Posesivo + alcance = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* calidad y alcance de, la = quality and extent of, the.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* con todos los medios a + Posesivo + alcance = with all the means at + Posesivo + disposal.

* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.

* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.

* de largo alcance = far-reaching, far-ranging.

* el alcance = comprehensiveness.

* estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estudio de alcance = scoping study.

* facilidad de alcance = reachability.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* nota de alcance = scope note (SN).

* objetivo y alcance = purpose and scope.

* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.

* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.

* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

* * *

alcance

masculine

A

1 (de una persona) reach

un pugilista menos alto pero de mayor alcance a boxer who is shorter but has a longer reach

[ S ] mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños keep all medicines out of reach of children

está totalmente fuera de mi alcance it is completely beyond my means

2 (de un arma, una emisora) range

misiles de corto/largo alcance short-range/long-range missiles

3

(ámbito): el alcance de una ley the scope of a law

todavía no sabemos el alcance que puedan tener sus declaraciones as yet we do not know the full implications of his statement

una política educativa de largo alcance a far-reaching education policy

4 ( en locs):

al alcance de within reach of

se trata de poner la cultura al alcance de todos the idea is to bring culture within everybody's reach o to make culture accessible to everyone

un país en el que tener televisión no está al alcance de cualquiera a country where owning a television is not within everyone's reach

tarifas al alcance de su presupuesto prices to suit your pocket

eso no está a mi alcance that's not in my power

es un lujo que no está a mi alcance it's a luxury I can't afford

tiene a su alcance los mejores medios para la investigación he has the best research facilities available to him

estos conceptos no están al alcance de nuestra inteligencia these concepts are unintelligible to us o are beyond our grasp

cuando la Estatua de la Libertad estuvo al alcance de la vista when the Statue of Liberty was visible/came into view

al alcance de la mano (literal) at hand; (fácil de conseguir) within reach, within one's grasp

hacer un alcance ( Chi); to add/clarify sth

Compuesto:

alcance de nombres

( Chi): hubo una confusión por un alcance de nombres there was a mix-up because their names were the same

B ( Fin) deficit

* * *

Del verbo alcanzar: ( conjugate alcanzar)

alcancé es:

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

alcance es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
alcance
alcanzar
alcance sustantivo masculino
a) ( de persona) reach;

◊ fuera del alcance de los niños out of reach of children;

está fuera de mi alcance it is beyond my means
b) (de arma, emisora) range;

◊ misiles de largo alcance long-range missiles

c) (de ley, proyecto) scope;

(de declaración, noticia) implications (pl)
d) ( en locs)

◊ al alcance de within reach of;

precios al alcance de su bolsillo prices to suit your pocket;
un lujo que no está a mi alcance a luxury I can't afford
alcanzar ( conjugate alcanzar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ persona› ( llegar a la altura de) to catch up with, to catch … up (BrE);

(pillar, agarrar) to catch;
◊ lo alcancé en la curva I caught up with him on the bend;

¡a que no me alcanzas! I bet you can't catch me! (colloq)
b) (en tarea, estatura) to catch up with

2 ( llegar a) ‹ lugar› to reach, get to;
‹temperatura/nivel/edad› to reach;
◊ casi no alcanzo el tren I almost missed the train;

estos árboles alcanzan una gran altura these trees can reach o grow to a great height;
alcance la mayoría de edad to come of age
3 (conseguir, obtener) ‹objetivo/éxito› to achieve;
‹ acuerdo› to reach
4 (acercar, pasar) alcancele algo a algn to pass sb sth, to pass sth to sb
verbo intransitivo
1 ( llegar con la mano) to reach;
◊ hasta donde alcanzaba la vista as far as the eye could see;

alcance a hacer algo to manage to do sth
2 ( ser suficiente) [comida/provisones] to be enough;
◊ el sueldo no le alcanza he can't manage on his salary

alcance sustantivo masculino
1 reach: deja eso al alcance de mi vista, put that where I can see it
mantenga los medicamentos fuera del alcance de los niños, keep medicines out of the reach of children
2 fig (posibilidades) scope: el ascenso está fuera de tu alcance, promotion is impossible for you
3 (de una noticia) importance
♦ Locuciones: dar alcance, to catch up [a, with]
alcanzar
I verbo transitivo
1 to reach
2 (coger a una persona) to catch up with
3 (llegar hasta una cantidad) to be up to: su biblioteca alcanza los tres mil ejemplares, his library is up to three thousand volumes
4 (acercar algo) to pass: alcánzame una silla, pass me a chair
5 (lograr) to attain, achieve
II vi (ser suficiente) to be sufficient: ese dinero no alcanza para un piso, this money isn't enough to buy a flat
' alcance' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
combatir
- eco
- fuera
- proyección
- alcanzar
- ámbito
- dimensión
- milagro
- trascendental
English:
ambit
- extensive
- far-reaching
- grasp
- hand
- long-range
- out of
- range
- reach
- scope
- short-range
- sight
- wide-ranging
- extent
- far
- long
- sweep
- wide

* * *

alcance nm

1. [de arma, misil, emisora] range;

de corto/largo alcance short-/long-range;

una colisión por alcance [por detrás] a rear-end collision;
[angular] a side-on collision
2. [de persona]
a mi alcance within my reach;

utilizaron todos los medios a su alcance they used every means at their disposal;

al alcance de mi bolsillo within my means;

este restaurante sólo está al alcance de los más pudientes only the very wealthy can afford to eat at this restaurant;

esta tarea no está al alcance de sus posibilidades he's not up to this task, this task is beyond his capabilities;

la cuerda estaba casi al alcance de la mano the rope was almost within arm's reach;

tuvo la victoria al alcance de la mano she was within sight of victory, she had victory within her grasp;

al alcance de la vista within sight;

el castillo queda fuera del alcance de nuestra vista we can't see the castle from here;

dar alcance a alguien to catch up with sb;

el pelotón dio alcance al ciclista escapado the bunch caught (up with) the cyclist who had broken away from them;

fuera del alcance de beyond the reach of;

guardar fuera del alcance de los niños [en etiqueta] keep out of reach of o away from children

3. [de reformas, medidas] scope, extent;

todavía no se han dado cuenta del alcance del fallo judicial the full implications of the verdict have still not become clear to them;

un cambio de alcance universal a change that affects everybody;

de alcance important

4.
una noticia de alcance [de última hora] a piece of news that has just come in

5. [inteligencia]
una persona de pocos alcances a slow o dim-witted person

6. Chile [resto]
este mes se quedó con un alcance he had a bit left over this month

7. Chile [comentario] clarification;

estoy de acuerdo, pero debo hacerle un alcance I agree, but I must make one thing clear

* * *

alcance

m

1 reach;

al alcance de la mano within reach;

poner algo al alcance de alguien put sth within s.o.’s reach;

dar alcance a alguien catch up with s.o.;

al alcance de la vista visible, in view;

¿está al alcance de tu bolsillo? can you afford it?

2 de arma etc range;

de largo alcance long-range

3 de medida scope

4 de tragedia extent, scale

5 fig

:

un hombre de mucho alcance a talented o gifted man;

de pocos alcances fam untalented

* * *

alcance nm

1) : reach

2) : range, scope

* * *

alcance n

1. (en general) reach

fuera del alcance de los niños out of children's reach

2. (de un arma, emisora, etc) range

misiles de corto alcance short range missiles

3. (importancia) importance

destacó el alcance de la crisis he stressed the importance of the crisis

al alcance de la mano within reach

al alcance de la vista within sight

Spanish-English dictionary > alcance
7 con

prep.

1 with.

¿con quién vas? who are you going with?

lo ha conseguido con su esfuerzo he has achieved it through his own efforts

una cartera con varios documentos a briefcase containing several documents

con el tiempo lo olvidé in time I forgot it

2 in spite of (a pesar de).

con todo despite everything

con lo estudioso que es, le suspendieron for all his hard work, they still failed him

Está con mucho dolor He is in [with] a lot of pain.

3 by.

con hacerlo así by doing it this way

con salir a las diez es suficiente if we leave at ten, we'll have plenty of time

* * *

con

► preposición

1 (instrumento, medio) with

■ se defendió con un puñal she defended herself with a knife

■ hay que comerlo con una cuchara you have to eat it with a spoon

■ me divirtió con sus chistes I really enjoyed his jokes

2 (modo, circunstancia) in, with

■ ¿vas a salir con este frío? are you going out in this cold?

■ me gustas con ese vestido you look nice in that dress, I like that dress on you

3 (juntamente, en compañía) with

■ se encerró con su prima en la habitación she shut herself up in the room with her cousin

■ Juan se quedó con las maletas Juan was left with the suitcases

4 (contenido) with

■ encontré una cartera con dinero I found a wallet with some money in it

5 (relación) to

■ yo hablo con todos I speak to everybody

■ fui amable con él I was nice to him

6 (reciprocidad)

■ ámense unos con otros love one another

7 (comparación) compared to

■ su fuerza no es nada con la mía his strength is nothing compared to mine

8 (a pesar de) in spite of, despite

■ con la nota que tenía no fue aceptado he wasn't accepted in spite of his grade

9 con + inf by + gerund

■ con disculparte no solucionas nada you won't solve anything just by apologizing

10 (aunque) in spite of

■ con ser tan fuerte... in spite of being so strong...

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

con que / con tal de que / con tal que provided, as long as

con todo (y eso) nevertheless, even so

* * *

prep.

1) with

2) to, towards

3) although

•

- con tal que

* * *

PREP

1) [indicando compañía, instrumento, medio] with

vivo con mis padres — I live with my parents

¿con quién vas a ir? — who are you going with?

atado con cuerda — tied with string

lo tomo con limón — I take it with lemon

con su ayuda — with his help

ducharse con agua fría — to have a cold shower

lo he escrito con bolígrafo — I wrote it in pen

andar con muletas — to walk on o with crutches

con este sol no hay quien salga — no one can go out in this sun

con el tiempo — in the course of time, with time

2) [indicando características, estado]

un hombre con principios — a man of principle

llegó con aspecto relajado — she arrived looking relaxed

un amigo con aspecto de jugador de rugby — a friend who is built like a rugby player

gente joven con ganas de divertirse — young people out for a good time

murió con 60 años — she died at the age of 60

3) [indicando combinación] and

pan con mantequilla — bread and butter

vodka con naranja — vodka and orange

café con leche — white coffee

arroz con leche — rice pudding

4) [indicando contenido]

una cazuela con agua caliente — a pan of hot water

un maletín con dinero — a briefcase full of money

encontraron una maleta con 800.000 dólares — they found a suitcase containing 800,000 dollars o with 800,000 dollars in it

5) [indicando modo]

se levantó con rapidez — he got up quickly

ábrelo con cuidado — open it carefully

anda con dificultad — she walks with difficulty

desayunamos con apetito — we ate our breakfast with relish

estar con algo, estar con dolor de muelas/la pierna escayolada — to have toothache/one's leg in plaster

está con la gripe — he's got flu

con mucho gusto — certainly, by all means

6) [como complemento personal de algunos verbos] to

¿con quién hablas? — who are you speaking to?

voy a hablar con Luis — I'll talk to Luis

se ha casado con Jesús — she's married Jesús, she's got married to Jesús

estoy emparentado con la duquesa — I am related to the duchess

no sabemos lo que va a pasar con nosotros — we don't know what's going to happen to us

me escribo con ella — she and I write to each other

7) [tras adjetivos] to, towards

amable con todos — kind to o towards everybody

ser insolente con el jefe — to be disrespectful to o towards the boss

8) [con decimales]

once con siete — [11,7] eleven point seven ( 11.7)

un dólar con cincuenta centavos — one dollar fifty cents

9) (=pese a) in spite of

con tantas dificultades, no se descorazonó — in spite of all o for all the difficulties he didn't lose heart

con ser su madre, le odia — even though she is his mother she hates him

con todo (y con eso), la gente se lo pasó bien — in spite of everything, people had a good time

10) [en exclamaciones]

¡vaya con el niño! — * the cheeky monkey! *

¡con lo bien que se está aquí! — and it's so nice here too!

no me dejó ni un trocito, con lo que me gustan esos caramelos — he didn't even let me have a tiny piece, and he knows how much I like those sweets

11) [indicando una condición]

a) + infin

con estudiar un poco apruebas — with a bit of studying you should pass

cree que con confesarlo se librará del castigo — he thinks that by owning up he'll escape punishment

con decirle que no voy, se arreglará todo — when I tell him I'm not going, everything will be fine

con llegar a las seis estará bien — if you come by six it will be fine

con llegar tan tarde nos perderemos la comida — by arriving so late we're going to miss the meal

b)

con que + subjun —

con que me digas tu teléfono basta — if you just give me your phone number that'll be enough

con que me invite, me conformo — as long as o provided that she invites me, I don't mind

basta con que nos remita la tarjeta cumplimentada — all you have to do is send us the completed card
tal 3., 4)
* * *

preposición

1)

a) (expresando relaciones de compañía, comunicación, reciprocidad) with

vive con su novio — she lives with her boyfriend

hablar con alguien — to talk to somebody

está casada con mi primo — she's married to my cousin

b) (indicando el objeto de comportamiento, actitud)

te portaste muy mal con ellos — you behaved very badly toward(s) them

he tenido mucha paciencia contigo — I have been very patient with you

c) ( indicando el acompañamiento de algo) with

se sirve con arroz — serve with rice

pan con mantequilla — bread and butter

2)

a) ( indicando una relación de simultaneidad)

una cápsula con cada comida — one capsule with each meal

se levanta con el alba — he gets up at the crack of dawn

b) ( indicando una relación de causa)

¿cómo vamos a ir con esta lluvia? — how can we go in this rain?

con tanta prisa se me olvidó — I was in such a hurry that I forgot

ella se lo ofreció, con lo que or con lo cual me puso a mí en un aprieto — she offered it to him, which put me in an awkward position

¿no lo vas a llevar, con lo que le gusta el circo? — aren't you going to take him? you know how much he likes the circus

con las veces que te lo pedí! — the (number of) times I asked you!

con lo tarde que es, ya se debe haber ido — it's really late, he should have gone by now

con todo lo que tengo que hacer! — on top of everything else I have to do!; todo III 2)

3)

a) (indicando instrumento, medio, material) with

córtalo con la tijera — cut it with the scissors, use the scissors to cut it

lo estás malcriando con tanto mimo — you're spoiling him with all this pampering

caray con la niña (or el vecino, etc)! — well would you believe it!

con + inf: con llorar no se arregla nada crying won't solve anything; con llamarlo por teléfono ya cumples if o as long as you call him, that should do; con decirte que... I mean, to give you an example...; me contento con que apruebes — as long as you pass I'll be happy; tal III 2)

b) ( indicando modo) with

andaba con dificultad — she was walking with difficulty

con mucho gusto! — with pleasure!

c) (al describir características, un estado)

amaneció con fiebre — he woke up with a temperature

ya estaba con dolores de parto — she was already having labor pains

andaba con ganas de bronca — he was looking for a fight

con las manos en los bolsillos — with his hands in his pockets

¿vas a ir con ese vestido? — are you going in that dress?

una mujer con aspecto de extranjera — a foreign-looking woman

4) (AmL) (indicando el agente, destinatario)

me peino con Gerardo — Gerardo does my hair

se estuvo quejando conmigo — she was complaining to me

* * *

= by use of, with, WITH, possessed of, what with, not without, featuring.

Ex. By use of the code 'p' on the saved document summary screen you can request than one of the saved document lists be printed.

Ex. Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.

Ex. WITH retrieves records in which two (or more) terms appear in the same field.

Ex. Possessed of a phenomenal memory and a perpetual smile, this paragon always is ready to meet the public without losing balance or a sense of humor.

Ex. What with Consuelo Feng in tears and Bernice Washington very pale, and startled, all was incomprehensible.

Ex. It has shown that the technology can work, but not without problems.

Ex. The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.

----

* acoger con entusiasmo = greet + warmly.

* andar con cuidado = tread + lightly.

* asintiendo con entusiasmo = in eager assent.

* con abundantes dorados = heavily gilt.

* con afabilidad = good-naturedly.

* con afán = earnestly.

* con afecto = fondly, affectionately.

* con agallas = spunky.

* con agilidad = nimbly.

* con agradecimiento = gratefully.

* con agudeza = perceptively, subtly.

* con ahínco = diligently, industriously.

* con aire acondicionado = air conditioned.

* con alas = winged.

* con alborozo = mirthfully.

* con alegría = joyously, gleefully.

* con algoritmos = algorithmically.

* con alimentación manual = hand-fed.

* con altanería = superciliously, haughtily.

* con altibajos = chequered [checkered, -USA].

* con amabilidad = graciously.

* con amargura = bitterly.

* con amor no correspondido = lovelorn.

* con anotaciones = scripted.

* con ansias de conquistar el mundo = world-conquering.

* con ansias de leer = reading-desirous.

* con ansias de poder = power-hungry.

* con ansiedad = eagerly, with bated breath.

* con antelación = beforehand, ahead of time.

* con antelación a = in anticipation of, in advance (of), prior to.

* con anterioridad a = pre, prior to, before the days of.

* con anterioridad a la contratación = pre-employment [preemployment].

* con añoranza = longingly, wistfully.

* con apatía = listlessly.

* con aplicación = industriously, studiously.

* con aprensión = apprehensively.

* con aprobación = approvingly.

* con ardor = ardently.

* con armonía = harmoniously.

* con arrogancia = superciliously, haughtily.

* con asco = disgustedly.

* con asiduidad = assiduously.

* con aspecto de adulto = adult-looking.

* con astucia = by cunning, astutely, slyly, shrewdly, cannily.

* con atención = attentively.

* con audacia = boldly.

* con autoridad = authoritative, authoritatively.

* con avances = stepped-up.

* con avaricia = rapaciously.

* con baño = en suite, en-suite bathroom, en-suite bath, en-suite facilities.

* con barba = bearded.

* con base de arena = sand-based.

* con base empírica = empirically-based.

* con base en = based in.

* con bastante antelación = well in advance, far in advance.

* con bastante frecuencia = quite frequently, fairly often.

* con basura por el suelo = littered.

* con bisagras = hinged.

* con botones = buttoned, buttoned-up.

* con botones por detrás = back-buttoning.

* con brotes = budded.

* con buena fama = respected.

* con buena reputación = respected, reputable.

* con buenas conexiones = well-connected.

* con buenas intenciones = well meant, in good faith, well-intentioned, well-intended, well-meaning.

* con buen gusto = tastefully.

* con buen humor = good-humouredly.

* con buenos contactos = well-connected.

* con buenos modales = politely.

* con bultos = lumpiness.

* con burbujas = carbonated.

* con cable = corded.

* con cafeina = caffeinated.

* con cajero = cashiered.

* con calefacción = heated.

* con calefacción central = centrally heated.

* con calma = calmly, leisurely, tranquilly.

* con capucha = hooded.

* con cara de cansado = bleary-eyed.

* con cara de sueño = bleary-eyed.

* con cargo a = to be debited to, to be charged to.

* con cargo de conciencia = remorseful.

* con cariño = fondly, affectionately.

* con carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].

* con cautela = cautiously, warily, with a grain of salt.

* con certeza = for sure, with assurance, for certain.

* con chasis fabricado por separado del bastidor = coachbuilt [coach-built].

* con cierta comodidad = with some ease.

* con cierta facilidad = with some ease.

* con cierta formación = educated.

* con cierta frecuencia = not uncommonly.

* con cierto detalle = at some length.

* con cierto gasto = at some expense.

* con cinismo = cynically.

* con cintura de avispa = wasp-waisted.

* con claustros = cloistered.

* con clavos = hobnailed.

* con cobro = fee-based.

* con codicia = rapaciously.

* con cola = caudate.

* con cola espesa = bushy-tailed.

* con cola tupida = bushy-tailed.

* con cólicos = colicky newborn.

* con columnas corintias = Corinthian-columned.

* con comodidad = with ease, easily.

* con comprensión = sympathetically.

* con compromisos = strings attached.

* con condiciones especiales = strings attached.

* con confianza = confidently, with confidence, trustingly, trustfully.

* con confianza en uno mismo = self-confident.

* con conocimiento = authoritatively.

* con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.

* con conocimiento de causa = knowingly.

* con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* con conocimientos en = versed in.

* con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.

* con consecuencias fatales = fatally.

* con consentimiento = willing.

* con contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.

* con control atmosférico = atmospherically-controlled.

* con copyright = copyright-protected.

* con corazón de piedra = stony-hearted.

* con corrientes de aire = draughty [drafty, -USA].

* con cortesía = courteously.

* con costras = caked.

* con creces = amply, far + Verbo.

* con créditos = credit-carrying.

* con criterio = discerning.

* con cualidades humanas = anthropomorphic.

* con cuanta creatividad = how creatively.

* con cuernos = horned.

* con cuidado = gently, carefully.

* con cúpula = domed.

* con datos no pertinentes = dirty [dirtier -comp., dirtiest -sup.].

* con decisión = decisively.

* con dedos pegajosos = sticky-fingered.

* con deferencia = dutifully.

* con deleite = with gusto.

* con delicadeza = delicately, gently.

* con demasiada facilidad = all too easily.

* con demasiada frecuencia = all too often, all too frequently, too often.

* con demasiadas expectativas = over expectant.

* con demasiados miramientos = mealy-mouthed.

* con demasiado trabajo = overworked.

* con demasidad facilidad = all too easy.

* con derecho a voto = eligible to vote.

* con derecho de autor = copyright-protected.

* con derechos de autor = copyrightable, royalty-paid.

* con desaliento = despondently, dispiritedly, hopelessly.

* con desánimo = dejectedly, despondently.

* con desaprobación = disapproving, disapprovingly.

* con descaro = impudently.

* con desconfianza = suspiciously.

* con descuento = at a discount, discounted, cut-price, cut-rate.

* con desenfado = lightheartedly.

* con desesperación = dispiritedly, hopelessly.

* con desfachatez = impudently.

* con desgana = listlessly, reluctantly, unwillingly.

* con destino a = to.

* con destreza = nimbly, adeptly, with ease.

* con detalle = at a detailed level, in detail.

* con determinación = with purpose, single-mindedly, purposefully, steadfastly.

* con dientes de conejo = bucktoothed.

* con dientes de sierra = serrated.

* con dientes salidos = bucktoothed.

* con diferencia = by far.

* con diferentes variaciones = in variation.

* con dificultad = laboriously, with difficulty.

* con dificultades = in difficulties.

* con diligencia = sedulously, industriously, studiously.

* con dinamismo = proactively [pro-actively], vivaciously.

* con diplomacia = diplomatically.

* con discapacidades físicas = physically challenged.

* con disimulo = on the quiet, on the sly.

* con doble acristalamiento = double-glazed.

* con doble titulación = dually qualified.

* con dos caras = double-faced.

* con dos facetas = double-faced.

* con dudas = uncertainly.

* con dudosa reputación = disreputable.

* con dureza = harshly.

* con efecto desde + Fecha = with effect from + Fecha.

* con eficacia = ably.

* con eficiencia = ably.

* con efusión = effusively.

* con ejemplos = by example(s).

* con él = therewith.

* con el agua al cuello = in hot water.

* con el agua hasta el cuello = in deep water.

* con el alma en vilo = on tenterhooks.

* con el ánimo de = in the spirit of.

* con el ceño fruncido = with a frown.

* con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.

* con el corazón destrozado = broken-hearted.

* con el corazón en la boca = on tenterhooks.

* con el corazón en un puño = on tenterhooks.

* con el corazón partido = broken-hearted.

* con el corazón roto = broken-hearted.

* con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.

* con el culo al aire = out in the cold.

* con el debido respeto = with due respect.

* con el decursar del tiempo = with the passage of time, in the process of time.

* con elegancia = elegantly, gracefully.

* con el emblema = under the banner.

* con el fin de = in order to.

* con ello = in doing so, in the process, thereto.

* con ellos = with them.

* con el más sumo cuidado = with utmost care.

* con el mayor cuidado = with utmost care.

* con el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.

* con el mismo = therewith.

* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....

* con el mismo planteamiento que = on the same lines as.

* con el nacimiento de = at the dawn of.

* con el nombre y dirección del remitente = self-addressed.

* con el número = numbered.

* con el objetivo de = with the purpose of, with a brief to, with the aim of, with a focus on.

* con el objeto de = in the attempt to, in the drive to, in a drive to.

* con el paso de = with the passing of.

* con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.

* con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.

* con el pie deformado = clubfooted.

* con el pretexto de = under the guise of, under the flag of, in the guise of.

* con el primer intento = at the first shot.

* con el propósito de = with the purpose of, with the aim of, in the drive to, in a drive to.

* con el propósito de superarse uno mismo = self-improvement-oriented.

* con el rabo entre las piernas = with a flea in + Posesivo + ear.

* con el sudor de + Posesivo + frente = by the sweat of + Posesivo + brow.

* con el suelo de tierra = dirt-floored.

* con el tiempo = in time, over the years, with time, with the passage of time, eventually, in due course, over a period of time, in due time, over time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time goes by, as time went by, by and by.

* con el título = entitled.

* con el transcurrir del tiempo = with the passage of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by).

* con el transcurso de = with the passing of.

* con el transcurso de los años = over the years, with the passing of (the) years.

* con el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.

* con el transcurso del tiempo = over time, with time, with age, in the course of time, over the course of time, as time passes (by), as time went by.

* con el uso = in use, with use.

* con encimera de mármol = marble-top.

* con energía = powerfully.

* con enfado = angrily.

* con enfermedades mentales = mentally challenged.

* con entusiasmo = eagerly, enthusiastically, rhapsodically, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly].

* con entusiasmo en los ojos = bright-eyed.

* con errores = flawed.

* con errores gramaticales = grammatically challenged, grammatically incorrect.

* con escamas = flaky.

* con ese fin = to that end.

* con esmero = sedulously, studiously.

* con eso = thereto, by this.

* con esperanza = in hopeful expectation.

* con espíritu deportivo = sportingly.

* con este fin = to this end, to that effect.

* con estilo = stylish.

* con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, herewith, by doing so, by this, in doing so.

* con estructura de acero = steel-framed.

* con estructura de madera = timber-framed.

* con estudios = schooled, educated.

* con exactitud = precisely.

* con excepción de = with the exception of, except for.

* con éxito = successful, successfully, winningly.

* con expectación = expectantly.

* con experiencia = experienced.

* con experiencia ampliamente demostrada = proven.

* con experiencia profesional = professionally-qualified.

* con exuberancia = lushly.

* con facilidad = without difficulty, fluently, with ease, easily.

* con fascinación = rhapsodically.

* con fecha = dated, dated.

* con fecha + Fecha = dated + Fecha.

* con ferocidad = ferociously.

* con figuras en movimiento = animated.

* con filtros = filtered.

* con financiación independiente = self-funded.

* con financiación propia = self-funded.

* con fines + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* con fines lucrativos = profit-making, profit-orientated, profit-oriented, profit-generating.

* con firma = signed.

* con firmeza = assertively, resolutely, firmly, unshakably, staunchly.

* con flexibilidad = flexibly.

* con fluidez = fluent, fluently.

* con forma de castillo = castellated.

* con forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].

* con forma de pelo = hair-like.

* con forma de pera = pear-shaped.

* con forma de pirámide = trihedral, pyramidal-shaped.

* con forma de tetraedro = trihedral.

* con forma de U = U-shaped.

* con forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.

* con franqueza = frankly.

* con frecuencia = frequently, often [oftener -comp., oftenest -sup.], oftentimes [often times], ofttimes [oft-times].

* con frondosidad = lushly.

* con fuertes aspiraciones profesionales = upward-mobile.

* con fuerza = forcefully, vigourously [vigorously, -USA], powerfully.

* con funda = jacketed.

* con fundamentos = informed.

* con fundamentos sólidos = well-considered.

* con furia = with a vengeance, furiously.

* con futuro = up-and-coming.

* con gafas = bespectacled.

* con ganas = with gusto.

* con ganas de pelear = on the warpath.

* con garantías de calidad = quality assured.

* con gas = carbonated.

* con generosidad = generously, unstintingly.

* con goteras = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* con gracia = wittily, funnily.

* con gran capacidad = capacious.

* con gran colorido = brightly coloured.

* con gran densidad de población = densely populated.

* con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.

* con grandilocuencia = grandly.

* con gran esplendor = grandly.

* con gran iluminación = brightly illuminated.

* con gran motivación = highly-motivated.

* con gran sentimiento = earnestly.

* con gratitud = gratefully.

* con gravedad = grimly.

* con guión = hyphenated.

* con gusto = happily, satisfyingly, stylish, willingly.

* con habilidad = adeptly.

* con hambre de poder = power-hungry.

* con hastial = gabled.

* con heridas superficiales = superficially wounded.

* con honestidad = honestly.

* con humildad = humbly.

* con humor = humorously.

* con ilusión = eagerly.

* con imágenes en movimiento = animated.

* con imaginación = imaginatively.

* con impaciencia = with bated breath.

* con impasibilidad = impassively.

* con impunidad = with impunity.

* con incredulidad = incredulously.

* con independencia de = in spite of, despite, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.

* con indiferencia = indifferently, casually.

* con indignación = disgustedly, indignantly.

* con indulgencia = leniently.

* con información = information-bearing.

* con iniciativa = proactively [pro-actively], proactive [pro-active], enterprising.

* con inocencia = innocently.

* con insistencia = insistently.

* con insolencia = impudently.

* con intencionalidad = calculated.

* con intenciones ocultas = agenda-laden.

* con intereses ocultos = agenda-laden.

* con intereses propios = self-interested.

* con interrupciones = discontinuous, episodic.

* con intervención directa = obtrusive.

* con ira = angrily.

* con júbilo = joyously, gleefully.

* con juicio de valor = value-loaded.

* con la anchura de los hombros = shoulder-width.

* con la ayuda de = under the guidance of.

* con la cabeza en las nubes = ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.].

* con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.

* con la conciencia tranquila = with a clear conscience.

* con la condición de que = on the understanding that, with the condition that, on the condition that.

* con la convicción de que = in the belief that/of, on the assumption that.

* con la debida consideración = with due consideration.

* con la debida cualificación = properly qualified.

* con la edad = with age.

* con la espalda contra la pared = up against the wall.

* con la esperanza de = in hope(s) of, with the hope(s) of.

* con la esperanza de que = in the hope(s) that, in hope(s) that.

* con la excusa de = in the name of, under the mantle of, under the flag of, under the guise of, in the guise of.

* con la expectativa de que = in hopeful expectation that.

* con la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* con la falda típica escocesa = kilted.

* con la formación adecuada = adequately-trained.

* con la frente en alto = stand + tall.

* con lagañas en los ojos = bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].

* con la imaginación = in imagination.

* con la intención de = designing, with an eye toward(s), intending to, aimed at, purposefully, intended to, in the drive to, in a drive to.

* con la intención de comunicar hechos = fact-communicating.

* con la llegada de = with the advent of, with the arrival of.

* con la mejor voluntad del mundo = in good faith.

* con la mente despejada = clear-headed.

* con la mirada en = with an eye toward(s).

* con la mirada en blanco = blankly.

* con la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.

* con la mirada puesta en = with an eye on, in + Posesivo + sights.

* con la misma altura que = the full height of.

* con la portada hacia fuera = face-out.

* con la punta de los pies mirando hacia dentro = pigeon-toed.

* con la sabiduría que da la experiencia = with the benefit of hindsight.

* con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.

* con lascivia = lustily.

* con las dimensiones de una pared = wall-sized.

* con las dos manos = two handed [two-handed].

* con las espalda contra la pared = with + Posesivo + back against the wall.

* con las esquinas dobladas = dog-eared.

* con las garras fuera = knives-out.

* con las manos muy largas = light-fingered.

* con las manos vacías = empty-handed.

* con las mejores intenciones = best-intentioned.

* con la soga al cuello = in dire straits.

* con las orejas gachas = with a flea in + Posesivo + ear, depressed.

* con las rodillas mirando hacia dentro y los talones hacia fuera = knock-kneed.

* con (la) suficiente antelación = in good time, early enough, well in advance.

* con las uñas fuera = knives-out.

* con lazos muy estrechos = close-knit.

* con legañas en los ojos = bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].

* con licencia para vender bebidas alcohólicas = licensed, licensed.

* con limitación temporal = time-oriented.

* con límites impuestos por uno mismo = self-limiting.

* con llave = locked, locking.

* con lo cual = whereupon.

* con lo pies sobre la tierra = down-to-earth.

* con los nervios a flor de piel = edgy [edgier -comp., edgiest -sup.], nervy [nervier -comp., nerviest -sup.], on edge, highly-strung.

* con los nervios de punta = edgy [edgier -comp., edgiest -sup.], nervy [nervier -comp., nerviest -sup.], on edge.

* con los ojos empañados = misty-eyed.

* con los ojos hinchados = bleary-eyed.

* con los ojos llorosos = misty-eyed, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].

* con los ojos nublados = misty-eyed.

* con los ojos vendados = blindfold, blindfolded.

* con los últimos avances = state-of-the-art, leading edge.

* con lujuria = lustily.

* con machetes = machete-wielding.

* con madurez = maturely.

* con magnanimidad = magnanimously.

* con mala fama = disreputable.

* con mala reputación = disreputable.

* con maldad = ill-naturedly.

* con malhumor = moodily.

* con maña = skilfully [skillfully, -USA], skilful [skillful, -USA].

* con marca = branded.

* con más antigüedad = longest-serving.

* con más detalle = in most detail, in more detail.

* con más frecuencia = most frequently.

* con más intensidad aun = with a vengeance.

* con más razón aún = a fortiori.

* con más vigor aun = with a vengeance.

* con más virulencia aun = with a vengeance.

* con más vitalidad = revitalised [revitalized, -USA].

* con mayor detalle = in greater detail.

* con mayor profundidad = in most detail, in more detail.

* con meandros = meandering.

* con mechones = streaky [streaker -comp., streakiest -sup.].

* con medios insuficientes = on a shoestring (budget).

* con medios muy escasos = on a shoestring (budget).

* con medios muy exiguos = on a shoestring (budget).

* con mejoras = stepped-up.

* con melancolía = wistfully.

* con miedo = fearfully, afraid, frightened.

* con millones de ventas = megaselling.

* con miras a (+ Infinitivo) = with a view to (+ Gerundio).

* con miras al futuro = forward-looking.

* con moderación = sparingly, in moderation.

* con motivo de = on the occasion of.

* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.

* con mucha cohesión = tightly knit, closely knit, tight-knit.

* con mucha diferencia = by far.

* con mucha energía = high energy.

* con mucha frecuencia = very often.

* con mucha información = populated.

* con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-tongued, smooth-talking.

* con mucha palabrería = glibly.

* con mucha población = heavily populated.

* con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.

* con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.

* con muchas actividades = event-filled.

* con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.

* con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.

* con muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.

* con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].

* con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, overwhelmingly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.

* con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.

* con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].

* con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].

* con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.

* con muchos detalles = elaborately.

* con muchos eventos = event-filled.

* con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].

* con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.

* con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* con muy poca antelación = at (a) very short notice.

* con muy poca anticipación = at (a) very short notice.

* con muy poca frecuencia = all too seldom, all too seldom.

* con muy pocas excepciones = with few exceptions, with a few exceptions.

* con muy pocos medios = on a shoestring (budget).

* con naturalidad = unselfconsciously.

* con nervios = rib.

* con niebla = foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.].

* con nosotros = with us.

* con nostalgia = wistfully.

* con notas a pie de página = footnoted.

* con + Número + año(s) de antelación = Número + year(s) ahead.

* con objetivos específicos = goal-oriented.

* con objeto de = in order to, in an attempt to, in an effort to, aimed at, with the purpose of, in a bid to, with the aim of.

* con objeto de hacer = toward(s).

* con objeto de (+ Infinitivo) = with a view to (+ Gerundio).

* con objeto de + Verbo = for the purpose of + Nombre.

* con ocasión de = on the occasion of.

* con ojos azules = blue-eyed.

* con ojos brillantes = bright-eyed.

* con ojos de lince = eagle-eyed, sharp-eyed.

* con ojos vivarachos = bright-eyed.

* con olor a ajo = garlicky.

* con olor a cerrado = musty [mustier -comp., mustiest -sup.], mousy [mousier -comp., mousiest -sup.].

* con olor a fruta = fruity [fruitier -comp., fruitiest -sup.].

* con olor a humedad = musty [mustier -comp., mustiest -sup.], mousy [mousier -comp., mousiest -sup.].

* con olor a orina = urinous.

* con olor a polvo = dust smelling.

* con orgullo = proudly.

* con otra copa de lo mismo se te cura la resaca = a hair of the dog that bit you.

* con paciencia = patiently.

* con pagos pendientes = be in arrears.

* con papel de calco intercalado = carbon interleaved paper.

* con participación del público mediante llamada telefónica = phone-in.

* con pasión = with passion, passionately.

* con patas = legged.

* con peligro de muerte = life threatening.

* con pelo cano = gray-haired, grey-haired.

* con pelos y señales = blow-by-blow.

* con pequeños matices = nuanced.

* con pereza = lazily.

* con perplejidad = quizzically, perplexedly.

* con perspicacia = perceptively.

* con pesar = with regret.

* con pesimismo = pessimistically, gloomily.

* con picardía = slyly, wickedly.

* con pie firme = sure-footed.

* con piernas = legged.

* con pinzas = with a grain of salt, clamp-on.

* con planes ocultos = agenda-laden.

* con pleno derecho = with full rights.

* con pliegues = pleated.

* con poca claridad = indistinctly.

* con poca exactitud = loosely.

* con poca experiencia = inexperienced.

* con poca iluminación = dimly illuminated.

* con poca imaginación = unimaginatively.

* con poca luz = badly-lit.

* con poca naturalidad = stiltedly.

* con poca población = thinly populated.

* con pocas habilidades = poor-ability.

* con poca visión de futuro = short-sighted [shortsighted].

* con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.

* con poco dinero = on the cheap.

* con poco entusiasmo = half-heartedly.

* con pocos recursos = under-resourced.

* con pocos recursos económicos = low-budget.

* con poder = powerful.

* con + Posesivo + ayuda = under + Posesivo + guidance.

* con posibilidades comerciales = commercially viable.

* con posterioridad a = subsequent to.

* con posterioridad a la contratación = post-employment [postemployment].

* con precipitación = rashly.

* con precisión = precisely.

* con preferencia = preferably.

* con preferencia sobre = in preference to.

* con prejuicios = prejudicial.

* con prepotencia = superciliously, haughtily.

* con pretensiones de superioridad moral = self-righteous.

* con principios = principled.

* con prisa = in a rush, in a hurry.

* con problemas = in hot water.

* con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled.

* con problemas de lectura = print disabled.

* con problemas de vista = vision impaired.

* con problemas visuales = vision impaired.

* con profusión = in profusion.

* con prontitud = expeditiously, promptly.

* con provecho = with profit.

* con púas = spiny [spinier -comp., spiniest -sup.].

* con rabo = caudate.

* con ráfagas de viento = blustery.

* con rapacidad = rapaciously.

* con rapidez = promptly.

* con razón = rightly, quite rightly, understandably, rightfully.

* con rebeldía = defiantly.

* con referencia = re.

* con referencia a = in relation to, in connection with, regarding.

* con referencias espaciales = spatially referenced.

* con regocijo = gleefully.

* con regularidad = regularly.

* con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.

* con rencor = spitefully.

* con reproche = reprovingly, reproachfully.

* con repugnancia = disgustedly.

* con resentimiento = resentfully, spitefully.

* con reserva = doubtfully.

* con reservas = qualified, with reservations.

* con resignación = resignedly, uncomplainingly.

* con resolución = resolutely.

* con respecto a = concerning, in regard to, regarding, regarding, vis à vis, with regard(s) to, with respect to, within, as to, in extent of, in terms of, in the way of, as for, as regards, in relation to, in comparison with, in comparison to, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to.

* con respecto a si... o... = as to whether... or....

* con respeto = respectfully.

* con responsabilidad = responsibly.

* con retraso mental = mentally retarded.

* con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.

* con ruedas = wheeled.

* con rumbo a = bound for.

* con sabiduría = sagely.

* con sabor = flavoured [flavored, -USA].

* con sabor a ajo = garlicky.

* con sabor a fruta = fruity [fruitier -comp., fruitiest -sup.].

* con sabor artificial = artificially flavoured.

* con sagacidad = shrewdly.

* con saldo = prepaid [pre-paid].

* con salida al mercado = due out.

* con sarcasmo = sardonically, pungently.

* con satisfacción = contentedly.

* con sed = thirsty [thirstier -comp., thirstiest -sup.].

* con sed de poder = power-hungry.

* con sede en = headquartered (at/in), based in.

[b]* con sede en Amér

* * *

preposición

1)

a) (expresando relaciones de compañía, comunicación, reciprocidad) with

vive con su novio — she lives with her boyfriend

hablar con alguien — to talk to somebody

está casada con mi primo — she's married to my cousin

b) (indicando el objeto de comportamiento, actitud)

te portaste muy mal con ellos — you behaved very badly toward(s) them

he tenido mucha paciencia contigo — I have been very patient with you

c) ( indicando el acompañamiento de algo) with

se sirve con arroz — serve with rice

pan con mantequilla — bread and butter

2)

a) ( indicando una relación de simultaneidad)

una cápsula con cada comida — one capsule with each meal

se levanta con el alba — he gets up at the crack of dawn

b) ( indicando una relación de causa)

¿cómo vamos a ir con esta lluvia? — how can we go in this rain?

con tanta prisa se me olvidó — I was in such a hurry that I forgot

ella se lo ofreció, con lo que or con lo cual me puso a mí en un aprieto — she offered it to him, which put me in an awkward position

¿no lo vas a llevar, con lo que le gusta el circo? — aren't you going to take him? you know how much he likes the circus

con las veces que te lo pedí! — the (number of) times I asked you!

con lo tarde que es, ya se debe haber ido — it's really late, he should have gone by now

con todo lo que tengo que hacer! — on top of everything else I have to do!; todo III 2)

3)

a) (indicando instrumento, medio, material) with

córtalo con la tijera — cut it with the scissors, use the scissors to cut it

lo estás malcriando con tanto mimo — you're spoiling him with all this pampering

caray con la niña (or el vecino, etc)! — well would you believe it!

con + inf: con llorar no se arregla nada crying won't solve anything; con llamarlo por teléfono ya cumples if o as long as you call him, that should do; con decirte que... I mean, to give you an example...; me contento con que apruebes — as long as you pass I'll be happy; tal III 2)

b) ( indicando modo) with

andaba con dificultad — she was walking with difficulty

con mucho gusto! — with pleasure!

c) (al describir características, un estado)

amaneció con fiebre — he woke up with a temperature

ya estaba con dolores de parto — she was already having labor pains

andaba con ganas de bronca — he was looking for a fight

con las manos en los bolsillos — with his hands in his pockets

¿vas a ir con ese vestido? — are you going in that dress?

una mujer con aspecto de extranjera — a foreign-looking woman

4) (AmL) (indicando el agente, destinatario)

me peino con Gerardo — Gerardo does my hair

se estuvo quejando conmigo — she was complaining to me

* * *

= by use of, with, WITH, possessed of, what with, not without, featuring.

Ex: By use of the code 'p' on the saved document summary screen you can request than one of the saved document lists be printed.

Ex: Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.

Ex: WITH retrieves records in which two (or more) terms appear in the same field.

Ex: Possessed of a phenomenal memory and a perpetual smile, this paragon always is ready to meet the public without losing balance or a sense of humor.

Ex: What with Consuelo Feng in tears and Bernice Washington very pale, and startled, all was incomprehensible.

Ex: It has shown that the technology can work, but not without problems.

Ex: The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.

* acoger con entusiasmo = greet + warmly.

* andar con cuidado = tread + lightly.

* asintiendo con entusiasmo = in eager assent.

* con abundantes dorados = heavily gilt.

* con afabilidad = good-naturedly.

* con afán = earnestly.

* con afecto = fondly, affectionately.

* con agallas = spunky.

* con agilidad = nimbly.

* con agradecimiento = gratefully.

* con agudeza = perceptively, subtly.

* con ahínco = diligently, industriously.

* con aire acondicionado = air conditioned.

* con alas = winged.

* con alborozo = mirthfully.

* con alegría = joyously, gleefully.

* con algoritmos = algorithmically.

* con alimentación manual = hand-fed.

* con altanería = superciliously, haughtily.

* con altibajos = chequered [checkered, -USA].

* con amabilidad = graciously.

* con amargura = bitterly.

* con amor no correspondido = lovelorn.

* con anotaciones = scripted.

* con ansias de conquistar el mundo = world-conquering.

* con ansias de leer = reading-desirous.

* con ansias de poder = power-hungry.

* con ansiedad = eagerly, with bated breath.

* con antelación = beforehand, ahead of time.

* con antelación a = in anticipation of, in advance (of), prior to.

* con anterioridad a = pre, prior to, before the days of.

* con anterioridad a la contratación = pre-employment [preemployment].

* con añoranza = longingly, wistfully.

* con apatía = listlessly.

* con aplicación = industriously, studiously.

* con aprensión = apprehensively.

* con aprobación = approvingly.

* con ardor = ardently.

* con armonía = harmoniously.

* con arrogancia = superciliously, haughtily.

* con asco = disgustedly.

* con asiduidad = assiduously.

* con aspecto de adulto = adult-looking.

* con astucia = by cunning, astutely, slyly, shrewdly, cannily.

* con atención = attentively.

* con audacia = boldly.

* con autoridad = authoritative, authoritatively.

* con avances = stepped-up.

* con avaricia = rapaciously.

* con baño = en suite, en-suite bathroom, en-suite bath, en-suite facilities.

* con barba = bearded.

* con base de arena = sand-based.

* con base empírica = empirically-based.

* con base en = based in.

* con bastante antelación = well in advance, far in advance.

* con bastante frecuencia = quite frequently, fairly often.

* con basura por el suelo = littered.

* con bisagras = hinged.

* con botones = buttoned, buttoned-up.

* con botones por detrás = back-buttoning.

* con brotes = budded.

* con buena fama = respected.

* con buena reputación = respected, reputable.

* con buenas conexiones = well-connected.

* con buenas intenciones = well meant, in good faith, well-intentioned, well-intended, well-meaning.

* con buen gusto = tastefully.

* con buen humor = good-humouredly.

* con buenos contactos = well-connected.

* con buenos modales = politely.

* con bultos = lumpiness.

* con burbujas = carbonated.

* con cable = corded.

* con cafeina = caffeinated.

* con cajero = cashiered.

* con calefacción = heated.

* con calefacción central = centrally heated.

* con calma = calmly, leisurely, tranquilly.

* con capucha = hooded.

* con cara de cansado = bleary-eyed.

* con cara de sueño = bleary-eyed.

* con cargo a = to be debited to, to be charged to.

* con cargo de conciencia = remorseful.

* con cariño = fondly, affectionately.

* con carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].

* con cautela = cautiously, warily, with a grain of salt.

* con certeza = for sure, with assurance, for certain.

* con chasis fabricado por separado del bastidor = coachbuilt [coach-built].

* con cierta comodidad = with some ease.

* con cierta facilidad = with some ease.

* con cierta formación = educated.

* con cierta frecuencia = not uncommonly.

* con cierto detalle = at some length.

* con cierto gasto = at some expense.

* con cinismo = cynically.

* con cintura de avispa = wasp-waisted.

* con claustros = cloistered.

* con clavos = hobnailed.

* con cobro = fee-based.

* con codicia = rapaciously.

* con cola = caudate.

* con cola espesa = bushy-tailed.

* con cola tupida = bushy-tailed.

* con cólicos = colicky newborn.

* con columnas corintias = Corinthian-columned.

* con comodidad = with ease, easily.

* con comprensión = sympathetically.

* con compromisos = strings attached.

* con condiciones especiales = strings attached.

* con confianza = confidently, with confidence, trustingly, trustfully.

* con confianza en uno mismo = self-confident.

* con conocimiento = authoritatively.

* con conocimiento básico en el manejo de la información = information literate [information-literate].

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento de = appreciative of, conversant with.

* con conocimiento de causa = knowingly.

* con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* con conocimientos en = versed in.

* con conocimientos sobre el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.

* con consecuencias fatales = fatally.

* con consentimiento = willing.

* con contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.

* con control atmosférico = atmospherically-controlled.

* con copyright = copyright-protected.

* con corazón de piedra = stony-hearted.

* con corrientes de aire = draughty [drafty, -USA].

* con cortesía = courteously.

* con costras = caked.

* con creces = amply, far + Verbo.

* con créditos = credit-carrying.

* con criterio = discerning.

* con cualidades humanas = anthropomorphic.

* con cuanta creatividad = how creatively.

* con cuernos = horned.

* con cuidado = gently, carefully.

* con cúpula = domed.

* con datos no pertinentes = dirty [dirtier -comp., dirtiest -sup.].

* con decisión = decisively.

* con dedos pegajosos = sticky-fingered.

* con deferencia = dutifully.

* con deleite = with gusto.

* con delicadeza = delicately, gently.

* con demasiada facilidad = all too easily.

* con demasiada frecuencia = all too often, all too frequently, too often.

* con demasiadas expectativas = over expectant.

* con demasiados miramientos = mealy-mouthed.

* con demasiado trabajo = overworked.

* con demasidad facilidad = all too easy.

* con derecho a voto = eligible to vote.

* con derecho de autor = copyright-protected.

* con derechos de autor = copyrightable, royalty-paid.

* con desaliento = despondently, dispiritedly, hopelessly.

* con desánimo = dejectedly, despondently.

* con desaprobación = disapproving, disapprovingly.

* con descaro = impudently.

* con desconfianza = suspiciously.

* con descuento = at a discount, discounted, cut-price, cut-rate.

* con desenfado = lightheartedly.

* con desesperación = dispiritedly, hopelessly.

* con desfachatez = impudently.

* con desgana = listlessly, reluctantly, unwillingly.

* con destino a = to.

* con destreza = nimbly, adeptly, with ease.

* con detalle = at a detailed level, in detail.

* con determinación = with purpose, single-mindedly, purposefully, steadfastly.

* con dientes de conejo = bucktoothed.

* con dientes de sierra = serrated.

* con dientes salidos = bucktoothed.

* con diferencia = by far.

* con diferentes variaciones = in variation.

* con dificultad = laboriously, with difficulty.

* con dificultades = in difficulties.

* con diligencia = sedulously, industriously, studiously.

* con dinamismo = proactively [pro-actively], vivaciously.

* con diplomacia = diplomatically.

* con discapacidades físicas = physically challenged.

* con disimulo = on the quiet, on the sly.

* con doble acristalamiento = double-glazed.

* con doble titulación = dually qualified.

* con dos caras = double-faced.

* con dos facetas = double-faced.

* con dudas = uncertainly.

* con dudosa reputación = disreputable.

* con dureza = harshly.

* con efecto desde + Fecha = with effect from + Fecha.

* con eficacia = ably.

* con eficiencia = ably.

* con efusión = effusively.

* con ejemplos = by example(s).

* con él = therewith.

* con el agua al cuello = in hot water.

* con el agua hasta el cuello = in deep water.

* con el alma en vilo = on tenterhooks.

* con el ánimo de = in the spirit of.

* con el ceño fruncido = with a frown.

* con el conocimiento de que = on the understanding that.

* con el corazón destrozado = broken-hearted.

* con el corazón en la boca = on tenterhooks.

* con el corazón en un puño = on tenterhooks.

* con el corazón partido = broken-hearted.

* con el corazón roto = broken-hearted.

* con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.

* con el culo al aire = out in the cold.

* con el debido respeto = with due respect.

* con el decursar del tiempo = with the passage of time, in the process of time.

* con elegancia = elegantly, gracefully.

* con el emblema = under the banner.

* con el fin de = in order to.

* con ello = in doing so, in the process, thereto.

* con ellos = with them.

* con el más sumo cuidado = with utmost care.

* con el mayor cuidado = with utmost care.

* con el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.

* con el mismo = therewith.

* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....

* con el mismo planteamiento que = on the same lines as.

* con el nacimiento de = at the dawn of.

* con el nombre y dirección del remitente = self-addressed.

* con el número = numbered.

* con el objetivo de = with the purpose of, with a brief to, with the aim of, with a focus on.

* con el objeto de = in the attempt to, in the drive to, in a drive to.

* con el paso de = with the passing of.

* con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.

* con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.

* con el pie deformado = clubfooted.

* con el pretexto de = under the guise of, under the flag of, in the guise of.

* con el primer intento = at the first shot.

* con el propósito de = with the purpose of, with the aim of, in the drive to, in a drive to.

* con el propósito de superarse uno mismo = self-improvement-oriented.

* con el rabo entre las piernas = with a flea in + Posesivo + ear.

* con el sudor de + Posesivo + frente = by the sweat of + Posesivo + brow.

* con el suelo de tierra = dirt-floored.

* con el tiempo = in time, over the years, with time, with the passage of time, eventually, in due course, over a period of time, in due time, over time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time goes by, as time went by, by and by.

* con el título = entitled.

* con el transcurrir del tiempo = with the passage of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by).

* con el transcurso de = with the passing of.

* con el transcurso de los años = over the years, with the passing of (the) years.

* con el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.

* con el transcurso del tiempo = over time, with time, with age, in the course of time, over the course of time, as time passes (by), as time went by.

* con el uso = in use, with use.

* con encimera de mármol = marble-top.

* con energía = powerfully.

* con enfado = angrily.

* con enfermedades mentales = mentally challenged.

* con entusiasmo = eagerly, enthusiastically, rhapsodically, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly].

* con entusiasmo en los ojos = bright-eyed.

* con errores = flawed.

* con errores gramaticales = grammatically challenged, grammatically incorrect.

* con escamas = flaky.

* con ese fin = to that end.

* con esmero = sedulously, studiously.

* con eso = thereto, by this.

* con esperanza = in hopeful expectation.

* con espíritu deportivo = sportingly.

* con este fin = to this end, to that effect.

* con estilo = stylish.

* con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, herewith, by doing so, by this, in doing so.

* con estructura de acero = steel-framed.

* con estructura de madera = timber-framed.

* con estudios = schooled, educated.

* con exactitud = precisely.

* con excepción de = with the exception of, except for.

* con éxito = successful, successfully, winningly.

* con expectación = expectantly.

* con experiencia = experienced.

* con experiencia ampliamente demostrada = proven.

* con experiencia profesional = professionally-qualified.

* con exuberancia = lushly.

* con facilidad = without difficulty, fluently, with ease, easily.

* con fascinación = rhapsodically.

* con fecha = dated, dated.

* con fecha + Fecha = dated + Fecha.

* con ferocidad = ferociously.

* con figuras en movimiento = animated.

* con filtros = filtered.

* con financiación independiente = self-funded.

* con financiación propia = self-funded.

* con fines + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* con fines lucrativos = profit-making, profit-orientated, profit-oriented, profit-generating.

* con firma = signed.

* con firmeza = assertively, resolutely, firmly, unshakably, staunchly.

* con flexibilidad = flexibly.

* con fluidez = fluent, fluently.

* con forma de castillo = castellated.

* con forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].

* con forma de pelo = hair-like.

* con forma de pera = pear-shaped.

* con forma de pirámide = trihedral, pyramidal-shaped.

* con forma de tetraedro = trihedral.

* con forma de U = U-shaped.

* con forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.

* con franqueza = frankly.

* con frecuencia = frequently, often [oftener -comp., oftenest -sup.], oftentimes [often times], ofttimes [oft-times].

* con frondosidad = lushly.

* con fuertes aspiraciones profesionales = upward-mobile.

* con fuerza = forcefully, vigourously [vigorously, -USA], powerfully.

* con funda = jacketed.

* con fundamentos = informed.

* con fundamentos sólidos = well-considered.

* con furia = with a vengeance, furiously.

* con futuro = up-and-coming.

* con gafas = bespectacled.

* con ganas = with gusto.

* con ganas de pelear = on the warpath.

* con garantías de calidad = quality assured.

* con gas = carbonated.

* con generosidad = generously, unstintingly.

* con goteras = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* con gracia = wittily, funnily.

* con gran capacidad = capacious.

* con gran colorido = brightly coloured.

* con gran densidad de población = densely populated.

* con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.

* con grandilocuencia = grandly.

* con gran esplendor = grandly.

* con gran iluminación = brightly illuminated.

* con gran motivación = highly-motivated.

* con gran sentimiento = earnestly.

* con gratitud = gratefully.

* con gravedad = grimly.

* con guión = hyphenated.

* con gusto = happily, satisfyingly, stylish, willingly.

* con habilidad = adeptly.

* con hambre de poder = power-hungry.

* con hastial = gabled.

* con heridas superficiales = superficially wounded.

* con honestidad = honestly.

* con humildad = humbly.

* con humor = humorously.

* con ilusión = eagerly.

* con imágenes en movimiento = animated.

* con imaginación = imaginatively.

* con impaciencia = with bated breath.

* con impasibilidad = impassively.

* con impunidad = with impunity.

* con incredulidad = incredulously.

* con independencia de = in spite of, despite, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.

* con indiferencia = indifferently, casually.

* con indignación = disgustedly, indignantly.

* con indulgencia = leniently.

* con información = information-bearing.

* con iniciativa = proactively [pro-actively], proactive [pro-active], enterprising.

* con inocencia = innocently.

* con insistencia = insistently.

* con insolencia = impudently.

* con intencionalidad = calculated.

* con intenciones ocultas = agenda-laden.

* con intereses ocultos = agenda-laden.

* con intereses propios = self-interested.

* con interrupciones = discontinuous, episodic.

* con intervención directa = obtrusive.

* con ira = angrily.

* con júbilo = joyously, gleefully.

* con juicio de valor = value-loaded.

* con la anchura de los hombros = shoulder-width.

* con la ayuda de = under the guidance of.

* con la cabeza en las nubes = ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.].

* con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.

* con la conciencia tranquila = with a clear conscience.

* con la condición de que = on the understanding that, with the condition that, on the condition that.

* con la convicción de que = in the belief that/of, on the assumption that.

* con la debida consideración = with due consideration.

* con la debida cualificación = properly qualified.

* con la edad = with age.

* con la espalda contra la pared = up against the wall.

* con la esperanza de = in hope(s) of, with the hope(s) of.

* con la esperanza de que = in the hope(s) that, in hope(s) that.

* con la excusa de = in the name of, under the mantle of, under the flag of, under the guise of, in the guise of.

* con la expectativa de que = in hopeful expectation that.

* con la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* con la falda típica escocesa = kilted.

* con la formación adecuada = adequately-trained.

* con la frente en alto = stand + tall.

* con lagañas en los ojos = bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].

* con la imaginación = in imagination.

* con la intención de = designing, with an eye toward(s), intending to, aimed at, purposefully, intended to, in the drive to, in a drive to.

* con la intención de comunicar hechos = fact-communicating.

* con la llegada de = with the advent of, with the arrival of.

* con la mejor voluntad del mundo = in good faith.

* con la mente despejada = clear-headed.

* con la mirada en = with an eye toward(s).

* con la mirada en blanco = blankly.

* con la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.

* con la mirada puesta en = with an eye on, in + Posesivo + sights.

* con la misma altura que = the full height of.

* con la portada hacia fuera = face-out.

* con la punta de los pies mirando hacia dentro = pigeon-toed.

* con la sabiduría que da la experiencia = with the benefit of hindsight.

* con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.

* con lascivia = lustily.

* con las dimensiones de una pared = wall-sized.

* con las dos manos = two handed [two-handed].

* con las espalda contra la pared = with + Posesivo + back against the wall.

* con las esquinas dobladas = dog-eared.

* con las garras fuera = knives-out.

* con las manos muy largas = light-fingered.

* con las manos vacías = empty-handed.

* con las mejores intenciones = best-intentioned.

* con la soga al cuello = in dire straits.

* con las orejas gachas = with a flea in + Posesivo + ear, depressed.

* con las rodillas mirando hacia dentro y los talones hacia fuera = knock-kneed.

* con (la) suficiente antelación = in good time, early enough, well in advance.

* con las uñas fuera = knives-out.

* con lazos muy estrechos = close-knit.

* con legañas en los ojos = bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].

* con licencia para vender bebidas alcohólicas = licensed, licensed.

* con limitación temporal = time-oriented.

* con límites impuestos por uno mismo = self-limiting.

* con llave = locked, locking.

* con lo cual = whereupon.

* con lo pies sobre la tierra = down-to-earth.

* con los nervios a flor de piel = edgy [edgier -comp., edgiest -sup.], nervy [nervier -comp., nerviest -sup.], on edge, highly-strung.

* con los nervios de punta = edgy [edgier -comp., edgiest -sup.], nervy [nervier -comp., nerviest -sup.], on edge.

* con los ojos empañados = misty-eyed.

* con los ojos hinchados = bleary-eyed.

* con los ojos llorosos = misty-eyed, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].

* con los ojos nublados = misty-eyed.

* con los ojos vendados = blindfold, blindfolded.

* con los últimos avances = state-of-the-art, leading edge.

* con lujuria = lustily.

* con machetes = machete-wielding.

* con madurez = maturely.

* con magnanimidad = magnanimously.

* con mala fama = disreputable.

* con mala reputación = disreputable.

* con maldad = ill-naturedly.

* con malhumor = moodily.

* con maña = skilfully [skillfully, -USA], skilful [skillful, -USA].

* con marca = branded.

* con más antigüedad = longest-serving.

* con más detalle = in most detail, in more detail.

* con más frecuencia = most frequently.

* con más intensidad aun = with a vengeance.

* con más razón aún = a fortiori.

* con más vigor aun = with a vengeance.

* con más virulencia aun = with a vengeance.

* con más vitalidad = revitalised [revitalized, -USA].

* con mayor detalle = in greater detail.

* con mayor profundidad = in most detail, in more detail.

* con meandros = meandering.

* con mechones = streaky [streaker -comp., streakiest -sup.].

* con medios insuficientes = on a shoestring (budget).

* con medios muy escasos = on a shoestring (budget).

* con medios muy exiguos = on a shoestring (budget).

* con mejoras = stepped-up.

* con melancolía = wistfully.

* con miedo = fearfully, afraid, frightened.

* con millones de ventas = megaselling.

* con miras a (+ Infinitivo) = with a view to (+ Gerundio).

* con miras al futuro = forward-looking.

* con moderación = sparingly, in moderation.

* con motivo de = on the occasion of.

* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.

* con mucha cohesión = tightly knit, closely knit, tight-knit.

* con mucha diferencia = by far.

* con mucha energía = high energy.

* con mucha frecuencia = very often.

* con mucha información = populated.

* con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-tongued, smooth-talking.

* con mucha palabrería = glibly.

* con mucha población = heavily populated.

* con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.

* con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.

* con muchas actividades = event-filled.

* con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.

* con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.

* con muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.

* con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].

* con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, overwhelmingly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.

* con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.

* con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].

* con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].

* con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.

* con muchos detalles = elaborately.

* con muchos eventos = event-filled.

* con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].

* con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.

* con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* con muy poca antelación = at (a) very short notice.

* con muy poca anticipación = at (a) very short notice.

* con muy poca frecuencia = all too seldom, all too seldom.

* con muy pocas excepciones = with few exceptions, with a few exceptions.

* con muy pocos medios = on a shoestring (budget).

* con naturalidad = unselfconsciously.

* con nervios = rib.

* con niebla = foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.].

* con nosotros = with us.

* con nostalgia = wistfully.

* con notas a pie de página = footnoted.

* con + Número + año(s) de antelación = Número + year(s) ahead.

* con objetivos específicos = goal-oriented.

* con objeto de = in order to, in an attempt to, in an effort to, aimed at, with the purpose of, in a bid to, with the aim of.

* con objeto de hacer = toward(s).

* con objeto de (+ Infinitivo) = with a view to (+ Gerundio).

* con objeto de + Verbo = for the purpose of + Nombre.

* con ocasión de = on the occasion of.

* con ojos azules = blue-eyed.

* con ojos brillantes = bright-eyed.

* con ojos de lince = eagle-eyed, sharp-eyed.

* con ojos vivarachos = bright-eyed.

* con olor a ajo = garlicky.

* con olor a cerrado = musty [mustier -comp., mustiest -sup.], mousy [mousier -comp., mousiest -sup.].

* con olor a fruta = fruity [fruitier -comp., fruitiest -sup.].

* con olor a humedad = musty [mustier -comp., mustiest -sup.], mousy [mousier -comp., mousiest -sup.].

* con olor a orina = urinous.

* con olor a polvo = dust smelling.

* con orgullo = proudly.

* con otra copa de lo mismo se te cura la resaca = a hair of the dog that bit you.

* con paciencia = patiently.

* con pagos pendientes = be in arrears.

* con papel de calco intercalado = carbon interleaved paper.

* con participación del público mediante llamada telefónica = phone-in.

* con pasión = with passion, passionately.

* con patas = legged.

* con peligro de muerte = life threatening.

* con pelo cano = gray-haired, grey-haired.

* con pelos y señales = blow-by-blow.

* con pequeños matices = nuanced.

* con pereza = lazily.

* con perplejidad = quizzically, perplexedly.

* con perspicacia = perceptively.

* con pesar = with regret.

* con pesimismo = pessimistically, gloomily.

* con picardía = slyly, wickedly.

* con pie firme = sure-footed.

* con piernas = legged.

* con pinzas = with a grain of salt, clamp-on.

* con planes ocultos = agenda-laden.

* con pleno derecho = with full rights.

* con pliegues = pleated.

* con poca claridad = indistinctly.

* con poca exactitud = loosely.

* con poca experiencia = inexperienced.

* con poca iluminación = dimly illuminated.

* con poca imaginación = unimaginatively.

* con poca luz = badly-lit.

* con poca naturalidad = stiltedly.

* con poca población = thinly populated.

* con pocas habilidades = poor-ability.

* con poca visión de futuro = short-sighted [shortsighted].

* con poco conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías = technologically challenged.

* con poco dinero = on the cheap.

* con poco entusiasmo = half-heartedly.

* con pocos recursos = under-resourced.

* con pocos recursos económicos = low-budget.

* con poder = powerful.

* con + Posesivo + ayuda = under + Posesivo + guidance.

* con posibilidades comerciales = commercially viable.

* con posterioridad a = subsequent to.

* con posterioridad a la contratación = post-employment [postemployment].

* con precipitación = rashly.

* con precisión = precisely.

* con preferencia = preferably.

* con preferencia sobre = in preference to.

* con prejuicios = prejudicial.

* con prepotencia = superciliously, haughtily.

* con pretensiones de superioridad moral = self-righteous.

* con principios = principled.

* con prisa = in a rush, in a hurry.

* con problemas = in hot water.

* con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled.

* con problemas de lectura = print disabled.

* con problemas de vista = vision impaired.

* con problemas visuales = vision impaired.

* con profusión = in profusion.

* con prontitud = expeditiously, promptly.

* con provecho = with profit.

* con púas = spiny [spinier -comp., spiniest -sup.].

* con rabo = caudate.

* con ráfagas de viento = blustery.

* con rapacidad = rapaciously.

* con rapidez = promptly.

* con razón = rightly, quite rightly, understandably, rightfully.

* con rebeldía = defiantly.

* con referencia = re.

* con referencia a = in relation to, in connection with, regarding.

* con referencias espaciales = spatially referenced.

* con regocijo = gleefully.

* con regularidad = regularly.

* con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.

* con rencor = spitefully.

* con reproche = reprovingly, reproachfully.

* con repugnancia = disgustedly.

* con resentimiento = resentfully, spitefully.

* con reserva = doubtfully.

* con reservas = qualified, with reservations.

* con resignación = resignedly, uncomplainingly.

* con resolución = resolutely.

* con respecto a = concerning, in regard to, regarding, regarding, vis à vis, with regard(s) to, with respect to, within, as to, in extent of, in terms of, in the way of, as for, as regards, in relation to, in comparison with, in comparison to, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to.

* con respecto a si... o... = as to whether... or....

* con respeto = respectfully.

* con responsabilidad = responsibly.

* con retraso mental = mentally retarded.

* con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.

* con ruedas = wheeled.

* con rumbo a = bound for.

* con sabiduría = sagely.

* con sabor = flavoured [flavored, -USA].

* con sabor a ajo = garlicky.

* con sabor a fruta = fruity [fruitier -comp., fruitiest -sup.].

* con sabor artificial = artificially flavoured.

* con sagacidad = shrewdly.

* con saldo = prepaid [pre-paid].

* con salida al mercado = due out.

* con sarcasmo = sardonically, pungently.

* con satisfacción = contentedly.

* con sed = thirsty [thirstier -comp., thirstiest -sup.].

* con sed de poder = power-hungry.

* con sede en = headquartered (at/in), based in.

* con sede en Amér

* * *

con

prep

[ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

A

1 (expresando relaciones de compañía, comunicación, reciprocidad) with

vive con el or su novio she lives with her boyfriend

¿quieres que hable con él? do you want me to talk to him?

está casada con un primo mío she's married to a cousin of mine

2

(indicando el objeto de un comportamiento, una actitud): te portaste muy mal con ellos you behaved very badly toward(s) them

se mostró muy amable (para) con nosotros he was very kind to us

he tenido mucha paciencia contigo I have been very patient with you

3 ( fam)

(yo y): eso es lo que estábamos diciendo con Lucía that's what Lucía and I were saying

4 (indicando el acompañamiento de algo) with

se sirve con arroz serve with rice

para mí con leche y sin azúcar, por favor milk and no sugar for me, please

pan con mantequilla bread and butter

5 ( Mat):

2,5 read as: dos con cinco 2.5 (léase: two point five)

B

1

(indicando una relación de simultaneidad): una cápsula con cada comida one capsule with each meal

se levanta con el alba he gets up at the crack of dawn

2

(indicando una relación de causa): ¿cómo vamos a ir con esta lluvia? how can we go in this rain o while it's raining like this?

me desperté con el ruido the noise woke me

con todo lo que pasó me olvidé de llamarte what with everything that happened I forgot to ring you

ella se lo ofreció, con lo que or con lo cual me puso a mí en un aprieto she offered to do it for me, which put me in an awkward position

3

(a pesar de): ¿no lo vas a llevar, con lo que le gusta el circo? aren't you going to take him? you know how much he likes the circus

¿cómo te olvidaste? ¡con las veces que te lo dije! how could you forget? the (number of) times I told you!

con ser tan tarde or lo tarde que es, no estoy cansada it's very late and yet I'm not at all tired, I'm not at all tired, even though it's so late

con todo (y con eso) me parece que es bueno even so o in spite of all that o all the same o nonetheless I think he's good

C (indicando el instrumento, medio, material) with

córtalo con la tijera cut it with the scissors, use the scissors to cut it

agárralo con las dos manos hold it with both hands

lo estás malcriando con tanto mimo you're spoiling him with all this pampering o by pampering him so much

con estos retazos se puede hacer una colcha you can make a quilt out of these bits of material

¡caray con la niña! y parecía tan modosita well fancy that! o well would you believe it! and she seemed so demure

con + INF:

con llorar no se arregla nada crying won't solve anything

no hay necesidad de escribir, con llamarlo ya cumples there's no need to write; as long as o if you call him, that should do

¡con decirte que un café cuesta el triple que aquí! I mean, to give you an example, a cup of coffee costs three times what it costs here

con que + SUBJ:

me contento con que apruebes as long as you pass I'll be happy

con tal de/con tal (de) que provided (that), as long as, so long as ( colloq)

no importa cómo lo hagas con tal (de) que lo hagas it doesn't matter how you do it, just as long as you do it

con tal (de) que me lo devuelvas antes de marzo as long as o provided I get it back by March

es capaz de cualquier cosa con tal de llamar la atención he'll do anything to attract attention

D

1 (indicando relaciones de modo) with

andaba con dificultad/cuidado she was walking with difficulty/with care o carefully

¡con mucho gusto! with pleasure!

2

(al describir características, un estado): amaneció con fiebre he had a temperature when he woke up, he woke up with a temperature

ya estaba con dolores de parto she was already having labor pains

andaba con ganas de bronca he was looking o spoiling for a fight

con las manos en los bolsillos with his hands in his pockets

¿vas a ir con ese vestido? are you going in that dress?

me gusta más con el pelo suelto I like her better with her hair down

una niña con ojos azules a girl with blue eyes, a blue-eyed girl

una mujer con aspecto de extranjera a foreign-looking woman

un monstruo con un solo ojo a one-eyed monster

una casa con piscina a house with a swimming pool

E

( AmL) (indicando el agente, destinatario): me peino con Gerardo Gerardo does my hair

me lo mandé hacer con un sastre I had it made by a tailor

se estuvo quejando conmigo she was complaining to me

* * *

con preposición
a) ( en general) with;

◊ vive con su novio she lives with her boyfriend;

¡con mucho gusto! with pleasure!;
córtalo con la tijera cut it with the scissor;
amaneció con fiebre he woke up with a temperature;
hablar con algn to talk to sb;
está casada con mi primo she's married to my cousin;
portarse mal con algn to behave badly toward(s) sb;
tener paciencia con algn to be patient with sb;
pan con mantequilla bread and butter;
¿vas a ir con ese vestido? are you going in that dress?
b) ( indicando una relación de causa):

◊ ¿cómo vamos a ir con esta lluvia? how can we go in this rain?;

ella se lo ofreció, con lo que or lo cual me puso a mí en un aprieto she offered it to him, which put me in an awkward position;
con lo tarde que es, ya se debe haber ido it's really late, he should have gone by now
c) con + inf:

◊ con llorar no se arregla nada crying won't solve anything;

con llamarlo por teléfono ya cumples as long as you call him, that should do;
me contento con que apruebes as long as you pass I'll be happy;
See Also→ tal adverbio 2
d) (AmL) (indicando el agente, destinatario):

◊ me peino con Gerardo Gerardo does my hair;

se estuvo quejando conmigo she was complaining to me
con preposición
1 (instrumento) with
córtalo con un cuchillo, cut it with a knife
1 (modo) with: hazlo con cuidado, do it carefully
me trató con frialdad, he treated me with coldness
2 (compañía) with: está paseando con mi madre, she is taking a walk with my mother
3 (causa) con este frío no apetece salir, I don't feel like going out in this cold
4 (estado) está con una depresión de caballo, he's deeply depressed
iba con los labios pintados, she has put some lipstick on
5 (contenido) with
una caja con fotografías, a box (full) of photos
6 (relación) to: está casada con un inglés, she is married to an Englishman
habló con Alberto, he spoke to Alberto
se disculpó con ella, he apologized to her
7 (con infinitivo) con avisar les evitas el disgusto, just by phoning you'll save them any worry
(+ que + subjuntivo) basta con que lo digas, it will be enough if you just say it
♦ Locuciones: con tal (de) que..., provided that...
con todo (y con eso), even so
' con' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abarcar
- abastecimiento
- abatirse
- ablandar
- abochornar
- abordar
- abrazar
- abrefácil
- abrumar
- acabar
- acanallar
- acaso
- acero
- acertar
- achicharrarse
- acierto
- aclararse
- acoger
- acosar
- acostarse
- acreditada
- acreditado
- acuerdo
- acusarse
- adelante
- adueñarse
- afortunada
- afortunado
- afrontar
- agarrar
- agenciarse
- agraciada
- agraciado
- agreste
- agua
- ahínco
- ahumar
- ahumada
- ahumado
- airosa
- airoso
- alhaja
- alinearse
- alma
- almohada
- alternar
- alzarse
- amanecer
- amiguete
- amilanarse
English:
abide
- above
- abruptly
- abstract
- accordance
- accurately
- accustom
- aching
- act
- admit
- advance
- advice
- advise
- afraid
- Afro
- ageing
- aggregate
- aggressively
- ago
- agree
- agreement
- ahead
- aim
- ale
- alive
- all
- allow for
- allowance
- ally
- alone
- along
- aloud
- amenable
- amenities
- Americana
- amusement
- and
- angel food cake
- angling
- angrily
- angry
- annoy
- antics
- apologize
- appointment
- approach
- approachable
- arbitration
- archery
- argument

* * *

con prep

1. [indica modo, manera o instrumento] with;

se cortó con un cuchillo she cut herself with a knife;

chocó con una farola he bumped into a lamppost;

vino con un taxi she came by taxi;

voy cómodo con estas botas/este jersey I'm comfortable in these boots/this sweater;

iré a la boda con un traje negro I'm going to the wedding in a black suit;

un joven con muy buenos modales a very polite young man;

andar con la cabeza alta to walk with one's head held high;

ir con prisa to be in a hurry;

actuar con timidez to behave timidly;

llover con fuerza to rain hard;

lo ha conseguido con su esfuerzo he has achieved it through his own efforts;

se lo puedes decir con toda confianza you needn't worry about telling her;

trátalo con mucho cariño treat him with a lot of affection o very affectionately;

lo haré con mucho gusto it will be a pleasure for me to do it, I'll be delighted to do it;

con arreglo a la ley in accordance with the law

2. [indica compañía, relación o colaboración] with;

vive con sus padres she lives with her parents;

se escribe con gente de varios países he corresponds with people from a number of different countries;

¿con quién vas? who are you going with?;

está muy enfadado con su madre he's very angry with his mother;

está casada con mi hermano she's married to my brother;

estoy de acuerdo con ellos I agree with them;

habló con todos he spoke to everybody;

un acuerdo de colaboración con el Caribe a cooperation agreement with the Caribbean

3. [indica contenido o cualidad]
una persona con carácter a person of character;

un hombre con bigote a man with a moustache;

una bolsa con patatas a bag of potatoes;

una cartera con varios documentos a briefcase containing several documents

4. [indica unión o adición]
un helado con nueces an ice cream with nuts;

un pastel con nata a cream cake;

el mío con leche, por favor I'd like milk in mine, please, I'd like mine white, please;

el total con el IVA alcanza un millón the total is a million including Br VAT o US (sales) tax;

tiene cuarenta con dos décimas de fiebre her temperature is 40.2 degrees

5. [indica estado o situación]
con buena salud in good health;

está en cama con gripe she's in bed with flu;

está con un enfado tremendo he's really angry;

el niño está con ganas de ir al baño the child wants to go to the Br toilet o US bathroom;

corría con ellos pisándome los talones I ran with them hot o hard on my heels

6. [indica causa]
el hielo se derrite con el calor ice melts when heated;

me desperté con la música del vecino I was woken up by our neighbour playing music;

con este tiempo no se puede ir de excursión we can't go out on a trip in this weather;

con el tiempo lo olvidé in time I forgot it;

con todo el trabajo que hemos tenido hoy, se me ha olvidado llamarle with all the work we've had today, I've forgotten to call her;

se entristeció con las noticias she was sad when she heard the news;

cómprales el libro, ¡con lo que les gusta leer! buy them the book, they like reading so much they'll be delighted!

7. [hacia]
para con towards;

es amable para con todos she is friendly towards o with everyone

8. (+ infinitivo) [para introducir una condición] by;

con hacerlo así by doing it this way;

con llamar ya quedarás bien you'll make a good impression just by phoning;

con llorar no consigues nada it's no good crying, crying won't get you anywhere;

con no decírselo a nadie, el secreto está garantizado if we don't tell anyone, secrecy will be guaranteed;

con salir a las diez es suficiente if we leave at ten, we'll have plenty of time

9. [a condición de que]
con que, con tal de que as long as;

con que llegue a tiempo me conformo I don't mind as long as he arrives on time;

te dejo el gato con tal de que le des de comer I'll let you look after the cat as long as you feed it

10. [a pesar de] in spite of;

con todo despite everything;

con todo lo raro que es, me encantan sus películas he may be weird, but I love his films, for all his weirdness, I love his films;

con lo que hemos caminado hoy, y no estoy cansado despite the fact that we've walked so far today, I'm still not tired

11. [para expresar queja o decepción]
mira que perder, ¡con lo bien que jugaste! you were unlucky to lose, you played really well!;

con lo agradable que es, y casi no tiene amigos considering how nice he is, he has surprisingly few friends

12. Am [donde]
fue a quejarse con su madre he complained to his mother;

se hace los zapatos con Ardaches she has her shoes made at Ardaches;

los domingos comen con su padre on Sundays they eat at her father's

13. Méx [tras] after;

ha trabajado día con día she's worked day after day o day in day out

* * *

con

prp

1 with;

voy con ellos I’m going with them;

pan con mantequilla bread and butter;

estar con alguien tb fig be with s.o.

2

:

con todo eso in spite of all that;

con tal de que provided that, as long as;

con hacer eso by doing that;

para con alguien to s.o., toward s.o.;

con este calor in this heat;

¡con lo que he hecho por él! after all I’ve done for him!

3

:

ser amable con alguien be kind to s.o.

* * *

con prep

1) : with

vengo con mi padre: I'm going with my father

¡con quién hablas?: who are you speaking to?

2) : in spite of

con todo: in spite of it all

3) : to, towards

ella es amable con los niños: she is kind to the children

4) : by

con llegar temprano: by arriving early

5)

con (tal) que : as long as, so long as

* * *

con prep

1. (instrumento, compañía) with

lo corté con unas tijeras I cut it with a pair of scissors

fui con unos amigos I went with some friends

2. (relación) to

hablo con todos I talk to everyone

sé amable con ella be nice to her

3. (combinación) and

chocolate con churros hot chocolate and fritters

pan con tomate bread and tomato

4. (contenido) of

una bolsa con dinero a bag of money / a bag containing money

5. (condición) by

nada se pierde con intentarlo you've got nothing to lose by trying

con decir que no te interesa, será suficiente all you need to do is say you're not interested

con lo + adjetivo but / yet

con lo caro que ha costado y no funciona bien it was very expensive, but it doesn't work

con lo inteligente que eres y suspendes you're so clever and yet you fail

Spanish-English dictionary > con
8 hasta

adv.

even (incluso).

hasta en verano hace frío it's even cold in summer

conj.

even.

prep.

1 as far as, up to.

voy hasta la próxima estación I'm going as far as the next station

desde aquí hasta allí from here to there

Caminamos hasta el lago We walked all the way to the lake.

2 until, till.

hasta ahora (up) until now, so far

hasta el final right up until the end

hasta luego o pronto o la vista see you (later)

hasta que until, till

hasta que vuelvas until you get back

3 up to.

un interés de hasta el 7 por ciento interest rates of up to 7 percent

4 as many as, so many as.

5 so much as, as much as.

* * *

hasta

► preposición

1 (tiempo) until, till, up to

■ hasta enero until January

■ hasta el sábado until Saturday

■ desde las diez hasta las dos from ten to two

■ sabe contar hasta 20 he can count (up) to 20

2 (lugar) as far as, up to, down to

■ hasta allí up to there

3 (cantidad) up to, as many as

■ había hasta seis coches there were up to six cars

4 (incluso) even

■ hasta sabe escribir she even knows how to write

5 (como despedida) see you

■ ¡hasta el lunes! see you on Monday!

■ ¡hasta mañana! see you tomorrow!

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

desde... hasta... from... to...

■ de Berga hasta Sabadell from Berga to Sabadell

¿hasta cuándo? until when?, how long?

■ ¿hasta cuándo tendremos que aguantar este gobierno? how long are we going to have to put up with this government?

¿hasta dónde? how far?

hasta el punto que... to such a point that...

¡hasta la vista! see you!, cheerio!, US so long!

¡hasta luego! see you later!

hasta más no poder as much as possible

■ bebió hasta más no poder he drank as much as he could take

hasta que until

■ estaré aquí hasta que volváis I'll be here until you come back

* * *

prep.

1) until, till

2) as far as

* * *

1. PREP

1) [en el espacio] [gen] to, as far as; (=hacia arriba) up to; (=hacia abajo) down to

fuimos juntos hasta el primer pueblo, luego nos separamos — we went to o as far as the first village together, then we split up

sus tierras llegan hasta las montañas — their lands stretch to o as far as the mountains

te acompaño, pero solo hasta el final de la calle — I'll go with you, but only to o up to o down to the end of the street

con las lluvias el agua subió hasta aquí — with all the rain the water came up to here

el vestido me llega hasta las rodillas — the dress comes down to my knees

• ¿hasta dónde...? — how far...?

¿hasta dónde vais? — how far are you going?

• hasta tan lejos — that far, as far as that

-fuimos andando hasta la ermita -¿hasta tan lejos? — "we walked to o as far as the chapel" - "that far?" o "as far as that?"

no creía que íbamos a llegar hasta tan lejos — I didn't think we'd get this far

2) [en el tiempo] until, till

se va a quedar hasta el martes — she's staying until o till Tuesday

no me levanto hasta las nueve — I don't get up until o till nine o'clock

no iré hasta después de la reunión — I won't go until o till after the meeting

falta una semana hasta los exámenes — there's a week to go to o until o till the exams

¿siempre escuchas música hasta tan tarde? — do you always listen to music so late (at night)?

el hasta ayer presidente de nuestro club — the hitherto president of our club frm

• hasta ahora — so far, up to now

hasta ahora nadie se ha quejado — so far no one has complained, no one has complained up to now

hasta ahora no se había quejado nadie — no one had complained before o until now o till now

tuve problemas al principio, pero luego las cosas se tranquilizaron y hasta ahora — I had problems at the beginning but then things calmed down and since then it's been OK

• ¿hasta cuándo...? — how long... for?

¿hasta cuándo podemos seguir así? — how long can we carry on like this for?

¿hasta cuándo os quedáis? — how long are you staying (for)?

• hasta entonces — until then, (up) till then

• hasta la fecha — to date

• hasta el momento — so far, up to now, thus far frm

• hasta nueva orden — until further notice

3) [con cantidades] [gen] up to; [con valor enfático] as much as/as many as

puedes gastar hasta 200 euros — you can spend up to 200 euros

duerme hasta diez horas diarias — he sleeps up to ten hours a day

podemos llegar a producir hasta 50 toneladas — we can produce as much as 50 tons

llegó a haber hasta 500 invitados — there were as many as 500 guests

4) [en expresiones de despedida]

• hasta ahora — see you in a minute

• hasta la vista — see you, so long

• hasta luego — see you, bye *

• hasta más ver — see you again

• hasta nunca — I hope I never see you again

• hasta otra — see you again

• hasta pronto — see you soon

• hasta siempre — * goodbye, farewell frm

5) CAm, Col, Méx not... until, not... till

hasta mañana viene — he's not coming until o till tomorrow

lo hizo hasta el martes — he didn't do it until o till Tuesday

hasta hoy lo conocí — I only met him today, I hadn't met him until o till today

2. CONJ

1)

• hasta que — until, till

vivió aquí hasta que murió su mujer — he lived here until o till his wife died

no me iré hasta que (no) me lo des — I won't go until o till you give it to me

2) + infin until, till

no se fueron hasta acabar — they didn't leave until o till they were finished

3.

ADV (=incluso) even

hasta en Valencia hiela a veces — even in Valencia it freezes sometimes

la música estaba tan alta que se oía hasta desde la calle — the music was so loud that you could even hear it from the street
HASTA La preposición hasta tiene varias traducciones posibles, dependiendo de si se emplea en expresiones de tiempo o de lugar. En expresiones de tiempo ► Generalmente se traduce por till o until. Till tiene un uso más informal que until y no suele ir al principio de la frase. El paquete no me llegó hasta dos semanas después The parcel did not arrive until o till two weeks later Hasta entonces las cosas nos iban bien Until then things were going well for us ► Además, hasta también se puede traducir por to en la construcción desde... hasta...: Estoy aquí todos los días desde las ocho hasta las tres I'm here every day from eight until o till o to three Te estuve esperando desde las once de la mañana hasta la una de la tarde I was waiting for you from eleven in the morning until o till o to one in the afternoon En expresiones de lugar ► Cuando usamos hasta en expresiones de lugar, podemos traducirlo por (up/down) to o por as far as: Caminó hasta el borde del acantilado He walked (up) to o as far as the edge of the cliff ¿Vamos hasta la orilla? Shall we go down to the shore? Ya anda solo hasta el sofá He can already walk on his own as far as o (up) to the sofa Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
* * *
I
preposición

1) ( en el tiempo)

a) until

¿hasta cuándo te quedas? - hasta el viernes — how long are you staying? - until o till Friday

hasta hace unos años — (up) until o up to a few years ago

hasta ahora or hasta el momento — so far, up to now

¿siempre trabajas hasta tan tarde? — do you always work so late?

no descansó hasta terminar — she didn't rest until she'd finished

b)

hasta que — until, till

hasta que + subj: espera hasta que pare de llover wait until o till it stops raining; es inocente hasta que (no) se demuestre lo contrario — he is innocent until proven guilty

c)

hasta tanto — until such time as

hasta tanto (no) contesten — until they reply

d) (AmC, Col, Méx) ( con valor negativo)

será publicado hasta mayo — it won't be published until May

cierran hasta las nueve — they don't close until o till nine

e) ( en saludos)

hasta mañana — see you tomorrow

hasta luego — see you (colloq), bye (colloq)

hasta pronto — see you soon

hasta siempre, amigos — farewell, my friends

2) ( en el espacio) to

desde Puebla hasta Veracruz — from Puebla to Veracruz

el agua me llegaba hasta los hombros — the water came up to my shoulders

¿hasta dónde va usted? — how far are you going?

3) ( en cantidades) up to

hasta cierto punto — up to a point
II
adverbio even

hasta te diría que... — I'd even go as o so far as to say that...

* * *

= through, till, down to, all the way to, up to, all the way up to, as far as.

Ex. Taking 197 as the base year, the price index of journals for an academic veterinary library has risen 143.00 points, an annual average of 15.89 points through 1986.

Ex. In this case when the < Page Down> key was pressed the display scrolled till the cursor reached the end of record.

Ex. A user could formulate a request in natural language, which would then be processed by the system and matched against the data base to give a ranked output down to the set cut-off point.

Ex. Indexes, abstracts, catalogues, bibliographies and so on, leading all the way to computer data bases, are set forth as the modern, timesaving and efficient ways to obtain information.

Ex. If the contractor defaults in his performance and fails to fulfill his contractual promises, the surety can itself complete the contract, or pay damages up to the limit of the bond.

Ex. This organization may vary from a one-person operation in a special library all the way up to an internationally known indexing and abstracting agency.

Ex. The abstractor is expected to reflect the authors' emphases, priorities, order and language as far as is reasonable.

----

* Adjetivo + hasta la saciedad = endlessly + Adjetivo.

* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.

* comprar hasta caer muerto = shop 'til you drop.

* de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.

* desde el amanecer hasta el atardecer = from dawn (to/till/until) dusk, from dawn (to/till/until) dusk.

* desde entonces hasta la actualidad = from then to the present day.

* desde + Expresión Temporal + hasta el presente = from + Expresión Temporal + up to the present.

* desde + Expresión Temporal + hasta hoy día = from + Expresión Temporal + up to the present day.

* desde + Fecha + hasta ahora = from + Fecha + to the present.

* desde... hasta... = from... through..., during the period + Período de Tiempo, from... right across....

* desde..., pasando por..., hasta... = from..., through..., to....

* el mejor hasta ahora = the best yet.

* el mejor que ha hecho hasta ahora = Posesivo + best yet.

* fumar hasta desaparecer en una nube de humo = smoke + Reflexivo + into a cloud.

* hacer hasta la presente = do + all along.

* hacer + Nombre + llegar hasta aquí = get + Nombre + this far.

* hasta ahora = as yet, hitherto, so far, thus far, to date, up to now, yet, heretofore, all along, up to this point, by now, as of today, until now, up until now, up till now, till now.

* hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.

* hasta aquel entonces = until that time.

* hasta aquel momento = until that time.

* hasta aquí = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in, thus far, so far, until now, this far.

* hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.

* hasta donde alcance = to the limits of.

* hasta donde alcanza la vista = as far as the eye can see, as far as the eye can see.

* hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.

* hasta donde llegue = to the limits of.

* hasta donde + Pronombre + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.

* hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.

* hasta el amanacer = till dawn.

* hasta el cuarenta de mayo no te quites el sayo = cast no clout till May is out.

* hasta el cuello = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in, to the hilt.

* hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* hasta el extremo de = to the point of, up to the point of.

* hasta el extremo que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta el final = until the end, until the bitter end.

* hasta el final de los tiempos = till the end of time.

* hasta el fin del mundo = until the end of the world.

* hasta el límite de = to the limits of.

* hasta el límite de las posibilidades de Algo/Alguien = to + Posesivo + full potential.

* hasta el máximo de las posibilidades de Algo/Alguien = to + Posesivo + full potential.

* hasta el mismo = right up to.

* hasta el momento = as yet.

* hasta el momento de = up to the point of, to the point of.

* hasta el momento que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta el presente = until now, so far, up to now, to this day, as of this time, as of now, as of today, to date.

* hasta el punto de = to the point of, up to the point of.

* hasta el punto que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta el suelo = floor-length.

* hasta el último minuto = until the last minute.

* hasta entonces = hitherto, up till then, until that time, until then, till then.

* hasta ese momento = up to that point.

* hasta este momento = up to this point, up to this point.

* hasta + Expresión Temporal = See you + Expresión Temporal, as far back as + Expresión Temporal.

* hasta + Expresión Temporal + inclusive = on or before + Expresión Temporal.

* hasta + Fecha = by + Fecha, up until + Fecha.

* hasta hace muy poco = until recently, up until recently.

* hasta hace relativamente poco tiempo = until relatively recently.

* hasta hace + Tiempo = up until + Tiempo.

* hasta hoy = to date, up to now, so far.

* hasta la actualidad = to date, up to now, so far.

* hasta la cintura = waist deep, waist high, waist length.

* hasta la empuñadura = to the hilt.

* hasta la fecha = to date, up to now, so far.

* hasta la muerte = until the end, forever, until the bitter end.

* hasta la presente = to this day, as of this time, as of now, as of today, to date, so far, up to now.

* hasta la rodilla = knee deep, knee-high.

* hasta la saciedad = ad nauseam.

* hasta los codos = up to + Posesivo + armpits, up to + Posesivo + elbows.

* hasta los hombros = shoulder-high, shoulder-length.

* hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* hasta los topes = packed to capacity, bursting at the seams, choc-a-block, chock-full, overloaded, packed to the rafters.

* hasta los topes (de) = bursting with, jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.

* hasta luego = I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.

* hasta mañana = I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.

* hasta + Nombre + incluido éste = up to and including + Nombre.

* hasta + Nombre + inclusive = up to and including + Nombre.

* hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.

* hasta + Número = up to + Número.

* hasta pasar a una nueva situación = tide-over.

* hasta pronto = bye for now, I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.

* hasta (que) = until.

* Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.

* hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario = until proven otherwise.

* hasta qué punto = how far, the extent to which, to what extent.

* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.

* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.

* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.

* hasta última hora = until the last minute.

* hasta un máximo de + Número = up to + Número.

* hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.

* justo hasta = down to.

* llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.

* metido hasta la rodilla = knee deep.

* metido hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* no volver hasta + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* que cubre hasta la rodilla = knee deep.

* que cubre hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* * *
I
preposición

1) ( en el tiempo)

a) until

¿hasta cuándo te quedas? - hasta el viernes — how long are you staying? - until o till Friday

hasta hace unos años — (up) until o up to a few years ago

hasta ahora or hasta el momento — so far, up to now

¿siempre trabajas hasta tan tarde? — do you always work so late?

no descansó hasta terminar — she didn't rest until she'd finished

b)

hasta que — until, till

hasta que + subj: espera hasta que pare de llover wait until o till it stops raining; es inocente hasta que (no) se demuestre lo contrario — he is innocent until proven guilty

c)

hasta tanto — until such time as

hasta tanto (no) contesten — until they reply

d) (AmC, Col, Méx) ( con valor negativo)

será publicado hasta mayo — it won't be published until May

cierran hasta las nueve — they don't close until o till nine

e) ( en saludos)

hasta mañana — see you tomorrow

hasta luego — see you (colloq), bye (colloq)

hasta pronto — see you soon

hasta siempre, amigos — farewell, my friends

2) ( en el espacio) to

desde Puebla hasta Veracruz — from Puebla to Veracruz

el agua me llegaba hasta los hombros — the water came up to my shoulders

¿hasta dónde va usted? — how far are you going?

3) ( en cantidades) up to

hasta cierto punto — up to a point
II
adverbio even

hasta te diría que... — I'd even go as o so far as to say that...

* * *

hasta (que)

= until

Ex: Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.

= through, till, down to, all the way to, up to, all the way up to, as far as.

Ex: Taking 197 as the base year, the price index of journals for an academic veterinary library has risen 143.00 points, an annual average of 15.89 points through 1986.

Ex: In this case when the < Page Down> key was pressed the display scrolled till the cursor reached the end of record.

Ex: A user could formulate a request in natural language, which would then be processed by the system and matched against the data base to give a ranked output down to the set cut-off point.

Ex: Indexes, abstracts, catalogues, bibliographies and so on, leading all the way to computer data bases, are set forth as the modern, timesaving and efficient ways to obtain information.

Ex: If the contractor defaults in his performance and fails to fulfill his contractual promises, the surety can itself complete the contract, or pay damages up to the limit of the bond.

Ex: This organization may vary from a one-person operation in a special library all the way up to an internationally known indexing and abstracting agency.

Ex: The abstractor is expected to reflect the authors' emphases, priorities, order and language as far as is reasonable.

* Adjetivo + hasta la saciedad = endlessly + Adjetivo.

* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.

* comprar hasta caer muerto = shop 'til you drop.

* de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.

* desde el amanecer hasta el atardecer = from dawn (to/till/until) dusk, from dawn (to/till/until) dusk.

* desde entonces hasta la actualidad = from then to the present day.

* desde + Expresión Temporal + hasta el presente = from + Expresión Temporal + up to the present.

* desde + Expresión Temporal + hasta hoy día = from + Expresión Temporal + up to the present day.

* desde + Fecha + hasta ahora = from + Fecha + to the present.

* desde... hasta... = from... through..., during the period + Período de Tiempo, from... right across....

* desde..., pasando por..., hasta... = from..., through..., to....

* el mejor hasta ahora = the best yet.

* el mejor que ha hecho hasta ahora = Posesivo + best yet.

* fumar hasta desaparecer en una nube de humo = smoke + Reflexivo + into a cloud.

* hacer hasta la presente = do + all along.

* hacer + Nombre + llegar hasta aquí = get + Nombre + this far.

* hasta ahora = as yet, hitherto, so far, thus far, to date, up to now, yet, heretofore, all along, up to this point, by now, as of today, until now, up until now, up till now, till now.

* hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.

* hasta aquel entonces = until that time.

* hasta aquel momento = until that time.

* hasta aquí = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in, thus far, so far, until now, this far.

* hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.

* hasta donde alcance = to the limits of.

* hasta donde alcanza la vista = as far as the eye can see, as far as the eye can see.

* hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.

* hasta donde llegue = to the limits of.

* hasta donde + Pronombre + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.

* hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.

* hasta el amanacer = till dawn.

* hasta el cuarenta de mayo no te quites el sayo = cast no clout till May is out.

* hasta el cuello = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in, to the hilt.

* hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.

* hasta el extremo de = to the point of, up to the point of.

* hasta el extremo que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta el final = until the end, until the bitter end.

* hasta el final de los tiempos = till the end of time.

* hasta el fin del mundo = until the end of the world.

* hasta el límite de = to the limits of.

* hasta el límite de las posibilidades de Algo/Alguien = to + Posesivo + full potential.

* hasta el máximo de las posibilidades de Algo/Alguien = to + Posesivo + full potential.

* hasta el mismo = right up to.

* hasta el momento = as yet.

* hasta el momento de = up to the point of, to the point of.

* hasta el momento que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta el presente = until now, so far, up to now, to this day, as of this time, as of now, as of today, to date.

* hasta el punto de = to the point of, up to the point of.

* hasta el punto que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta el suelo = floor-length.

* hasta el último minuto = until the last minute.

* hasta entonces = hitherto, up till then, until that time, until then, till then.

* hasta ese momento = up to that point.

* hasta este momento = up to this point, up to this point.

* hasta + Expresión Temporal = See you + Expresión Temporal, as far back as + Expresión Temporal.

* hasta + Expresión Temporal + inclusive = on or before + Expresión Temporal.

* hasta + Fecha = by + Fecha, up until + Fecha.

* hasta hace muy poco = until recently, up until recently.

* hasta hace relativamente poco tiempo = until relatively recently.

* hasta hace + Tiempo = up until + Tiempo.

* hasta hoy = to date, up to now, so far.

* hasta la actualidad = to date, up to now, so far.

* hasta la cintura = waist deep, waist high, waist length.

* hasta la empuñadura = to the hilt.

* hasta la fecha = to date, up to now, so far.

* hasta la muerte = until the end, forever, until the bitter end.

* hasta la presente = to this day, as of this time, as of now, as of today, to date, so far, up to now.

* hasta la rodilla = knee deep, knee-high.

* hasta la saciedad = ad nauseam.

* hasta los codos = up to + Posesivo + armpits, up to + Posesivo + elbows.

* hasta los hombros = shoulder-high, shoulder-length.

* hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* hasta los topes = packed to capacity, bursting at the seams, choc-a-block, chock-full, overloaded, packed to the rafters.

* hasta los topes (de) = bursting with, jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.

* hasta luego = I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.

* hasta mañana = I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.

* hasta + Nombre + incluido éste = up to and including + Nombre.

* hasta + Nombre + inclusive = up to and including + Nombre.

* hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.

* hasta + Número = up to + Número.

* hasta pasar a una nueva situación = tide-over.

* hasta pronto = bye for now, I'll see you on the flipside, I'll catch you on the flipside.

* hasta (que) = until.

* Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.

* hasta que no se demuestre lo contrario = until proven otherwise.

* hasta qué punto = how far, the extent to which, to what extent.

* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.

* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.

* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.

* hasta última hora = until the last minute.

* hasta un máximo de + Número = up to + Número.

* hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.

* justo hasta = down to.

* llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.

* metido hasta la rodilla = knee deep.

* metido hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* no volver hasta + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.

* que cubre hasta la rodilla = knee deep.

* que cubre hasta los tobillos = ankle deep.

* * *

hasta¹

prep

A (en el tiempo)

1 until

¿hasta cuándo te quedas? — hasta el viernes how long are you staying? — until o till Friday

no se levanta hasta las once she doesn't get up till o until eleven

Francisco Mera, el hasta ahora presidente de la Confederación Francisco Mera, hitherto president of the Confederation ( frml)

hasta hace algunos años until o up until o up to a few years ago

desde que asumieron el poder hasta la fecha or hasta ahora from the time they came to power until now o until the present day

hasta ahora or hasta el momento so far, up to now

¿siempre trabajas hasta tan tarde? do you always work so late?

hasta + INF:

no descansó hasta terminar she didn't rest until she'd finished

2

hasta que until, till

esperamos hasta que paró de llover we waited until it stopped raining

hasta QUE + SUBJ:

espera hasta que pare de llover wait until o till it stops raining

decidieron esperar hasta que parase de llover they decided to wait until o till it stopped raining

es inocente hasta que (no) se demuestre lo contrario he is innocent until proven guilty

no se acuesta hasta que (no) termine de leerlo he doesn't go to bed until he has read it

3

hasta tanto until such time as

hasta tanto el pueblo (no) se pronuncie en un referéndum until such (a) time as the people voice their opinion in a referendum

4

(AmC, Col, Méx) (con valor negativo): será publicado hasta fines de año it won't be published until the end of the year

hasta ahora la gente empieza a darse cuenta people are only (just) beginning to realize now

cierran hasta las nueve they don't close until o till nine

hasta que tomé la píldora se me quitó el dolor the pain didn't go away until o till I took the tablet

5

(en saludos): hasta mañana/la semana que viene see you tomorrow/next week

hasta luego or lueguito ( fam) see you ( colloq), bye ( colloq)

hasta pronto see you soon

hasta ahora see you soon, see you in a minute

hasta siempre, compañeros farewell, my friends

B (en el espacio) to

viajé con ella desde Puebla hasta Veracruz I traveled with her from Puebla to Veracruz

el agua me llegaba hasta los hombros the water came up to o came up as far as my shoulders

traza una línea desde aquí hasta aquí draw a line from here to here

¿me acompañas hasta la parada? will you come to o come as far as the stop with me?

¿hasta dónde va usted? how far are you going?

C (en cantidades) up to

hasta el 80% del total up to 80% of the total

hay que hacer hasta el ejercicio diez inclusive we have to do up to and including exercise ten, we have to do as far as exercise ten

hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point o to a certain extent, she's right

hasta²

adverb

even

eso lo sabe hasta un niño de dos años even a two-year-old knows that

hasta te diría que … I'd even go as o so far as to say that …

* * *

hasta preposición
1 ( en el tiempo)
a) until;

◊ no descansó hasta terminar she didn't rest until she'd finished;

hasta el momento so far, up to now
b)

◊ hasta que until, till;

espera hasta que pare de llover wait until o till it stops raining
c)

◊ hasta tanto until such time as

d) (AmC, Col, Méx) ( con valor negativo):

◊ cierran hasta las nueve they don't close until o till nine

e) ( en saludos):

◊ hasta mañana see you tomorrow;

hasta luego/pronto see you (colloq), see you soon
2 ( en el espacio) to;
◊ el agua me llegaba hasta los hombros the water came up to my shoulders;

el pelo le llega hasta la cintura her hair goes down to her waist;
¿hasta dónde llega? how far does it go?
3 ( en cantidades) up to;
◊ hasta cierto punto up to a point

■ adverbio
even
hasta
I preposición
1 (marca límite: en el espacio) up to, as far as, down to
hasta el final, right to the end
(en el tiempo) until, till, up to
hasta junio, until June
hasta la fecha, up to now
hasta entonces todo había ido bien, until then everything had gone smoothly
(en la cantidad) up to, as many as: sólo puedo gastarme hasta cinco mil pesetas, I can only spend up to five thousand pesetas
(en la acción) till, until: hasta sus últimas consecuencias, till the bitter end
firme hasta la muerte, firm till death
2 (indica sorpresa) even: hasta nosotros nos divertimos con la película, even we enjoyed the film
II conj
1 (seguido de gerundio o cuando) even when: hasta cuando vamos al cine tiene que comer, even when we go to the cinema she has to be eating
hasta llorando está guapo, he's good-looking even when he cries
2 hasta que, until: estúdialo hasta que lo sepas, study it until you know it
♦ Locuciones: hasta luego, see you later
hasta mañana, see you tomorrow
hasta la coronilla, sick and tired
hasta el último detalle, to the last chapter and verse
hasta el día del juicio, till hell freezes o till the cows come home
' hasta' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acompañar
- ahora
- alcanzar
- aquí
- armada
- armado
- aviso
- bandera
- calada
- calado
- calarse
- charla
- cierta
- cierto
- combatir
- coronilla
- derramamiento
- descolgarse
- desde
- disolución
- entonces
- escobilla
- esprintar
- fecha
- gorgorito
- gorro
- gruñido
- hartar
- inclusive
- incluso
- luego
- mañana
- media
- médula
- moño
- odisea
- paciencia
- pringada
- pringado
- punto
- rasa
- raso
- relativamente
- saciedad
- seguir
- sobremesa
- sopa
- tanta
- tanto
- tarde
English:
actually
- adjourn
- as
- attain
- be
- best
- bitter
- bleed
- blue
- blunder
- bonded warehouse
- brassed off
- brim
- brown
- buckle up
- burn
- bye
- bye-bye
- call at
- certain
- cheer
- cheerio
- cheese off
- clear
- come up to
- cross-country
- date
- death
- deep
- degree
- drip
- end
- even
- ex
- expect
- extend
- extent
- eye
- face
- far
- fast forward
- fight
- fight on
- fill up
- follow through
- further
- gallop up
- get up to
- hear of
- hitherto

* * *

hasta

♦ prep

1. [en el espacio] as far as, up to;

desde aquí hasta allí from here to there;

llegaré hasta allí en diez minutos I'll get there in ten minutes;

¿hasta dónde va este tren? where does this train go?;

¿hasta dónde viajas? where are you travelling to?, how far are you going?;

voy hasta la próxima estación I'm going as far as the next station

2. [en el tiempo] until, till;

quedan dos semanas hasta Navidad there are two weeks to go until o till Christmas;

hasta el final right up until the end;

no vi el mar hasta los diez años I never saw the sea until I was ten years old;

no parará hasta lograr su objetivo she won't stop until she gets what she wants;

nos reímos hasta no poder más we laughed ourselves silly;

hasta ahora [por ahora] (up) until now, so far;
[como despedida] see you later o in a minute;
Carolina Méndez, la hasta ahora portavoz del gobierno Carolina Méndez, who until now has been the government's spokesperson;

hasta que until, till;

esperaré hasta que llegues I'll wait until o till you arrive;

no me detendré hasta que descubra la verdad I won't stop until o till I find out the truth;

falta mucho hasta que esté acabado there's still a long way to go until o till o before it's finished

3. [en saludos]
hasta luego o [m5] pronto o [m5] la vista see you (later);

hasta mañana see you tomorrow;

hasta más ver I'll be seeing you;

hasta nunca I hope I never see you again;

hasta otra I'll see you when I see you, see you again some time;

hasta la próxima see you next time;

hasta siempre farewell;

hasta la vuelta I'll see you when you get back

4. CAm, Col, Ecuad, Méx [no antes de]
pintaremos la casa hasta fin de mes we won't start painting the house until the end of the month;

¿llevas diez días aquí y hasta ahora me llamas? you've been here ten days and it's taken you that long to phone me?

5. [con cantidades] up to;

puedes ganar hasta un millón you can earn up to a million;

un interés de hasta el 7 por ciento interest rates of up to 7 percent;

leí hasta la página 30 I read as far as o up to page 30

♦ adv
[incluso] even;
hasta en verano hace frío it's even cold in summer;

hasta cuando descansa está pensando en el trabajo even when he's resting he's (still) thinking about work;

hasta ellos querían venir even they wanted to come

* * *

hasta

I prp until, till;

hasta que until;

llegó hasta Bilbao he went as far as Bilbao;

hasta aquí up to here;

hasta ahora so far;

¿hasta cuándo? how long?;

no se levanta hasta las diez he doesn’t get up until ten o’clock;

¡hasta luego! see you (later);

¡hasta la vista! see you (later)

II adv even;

hasta un niño podría hacerlo even a child could do it

* * *

hasta adv

: even

hasta prep

1) : until, up until

hasta entonces: until then

¡hasta luego!: see you later!

2) : as far as

nos fuimos hasta Managua: we went all the way to Managua

3) : up to

hasta cierto punto: up to a certain point

4)

hasta que : until

* * *

hasta¹ adv even

hasta el niño sabe eso even the baby knows that

habla hasta comiendo she talks even when she's eating

hasta² prep

1. (tiempo) until / till

esperaré hasta las siete I'll wait until seven

2. (cantidad) up to

puedes gastar hasta mil pesetas you can spend up to a thousand pesetas

en el ascensor caben hasta seis personas the lift can hold up to six people

3. (lugar) as far as

corrí hasta el castillo I ran as far as the castle

desde... hasta from... to

hasta ahora up to now

¿hasta cuándo...? how long...?

¿hasta cuándo te quedas? how long are you staying?

hasta luego see you later

hasta mañana see you tomorrow

hasta que until

esperaré hasta que me llame I'll wait until he phones

Spanish-English dictionary > hasta
9 plenitud

f.

1 completeness, fullness (apogeo).

en la plenitud de at the height of

2 abundance (abundancia).

3 plenitude, completeness, fullness, fulness.

* * *

plenitud

► nombre femenino

1 (cúspide) peak

■ está en la plenitud de la vida she's in the prime of life

■ está en la plenitud de su carrera como bailarina she's at the peak of her career as a ballet dancer

2 (sensación física) fullness

* * *

SF

1) (=apogeo)

en la plenitud de sus poderes — at the height of his powers

estaba en la plenitud de la vida — he was in the prime of life

2) (=totalidad) plenitude, fullness

* * *

femenino

está en la plenitud de la vida — she's in the prime of life

en la plenitud de su carrera — at the height o peak of his career

vivir la vida con plenitud — to live life to the full

* * *

= zenith, plentitude, plenitude, fullness.

Ex. Cataloging has been an art, a rather well-defined art and probably close to its zenith in its present form.

Ex. This is especially true during a period when the '3 national Ps' of power, plentitude, and progress are undergoing serious revision.

Ex. Four scenarios are developed to explore the future of citizen participation: plenitude, transformation, continuity, & hard luck.

Ex. Names commonly vary in fullness, especially in terms of the extent of abbreviations and initials used.

----

* alcanzar la plenitud = come to + full flower.

* en plenitud de facultades = at + Posesivo + (very) best.

* no estar en plenitud de facultades = be past + Posesivo + best.

* * *

femenino

está en la plenitud de la vida — she's in the prime of life

en la plenitud de su carrera — at the height o peak of his career

vivir la vida con plenitud — to live life to the full

* * *

= zenith, plentitude, plenitude, fullness.

Ex: Cataloging has been an art, a rather well-defined art and probably close to its zenith in its present form.

Ex: This is especially true during a period when the '3 national Ps' of power, plentitude, and progress are undergoing serious revision.

Ex: Four scenarios are developed to explore the future of citizen participation: plenitude, transformation, continuity, & hard luck.

Ex: Names commonly vary in fullness, especially in terms of the extent of abbreviations and initials used.

* alcanzar la plenitud = come to + full flower.

* en plenitud de facultades = at + Posesivo + (very) best.

* no estar en plenitud de facultades = be past + Posesivo + best.

* * *

plenitud

feminine

está en la plenitud de la vida she's in the prime of life

un hombre en la plenitud de su carrera a man at the height o peak of his career

un logro que me dio una sensación de plenitud an achievement which gave me a feeling of fulfillment

vivir la vida con plenitud to live life to the full

* * *

plenitud sustantivo femenino:
◊ en la plenitud de algo ( de la vida) in the prime of sth;

( de la carrera) at the height o peak of sth;
◊ vivir la vida con plenitud to live life to the full

plenitud sustantivo femenino fullness: está en la plenitud de su carrera, he's at the peak of his career
está en la plenitud de la vida, he's in the prime of life

' plenitud' also found in these entries:
English:
blossom
- fullness

* * *

plenitud nf

1. [apogeo] completeness, fullness;

en la plenitud de at the height of;

el actor está en su plenitud artística the actor is at the peak of his abilities, the actor is in his prime;

el corredor no se halla en plenitud de facultades the runner is not at his best

2. [abundancia] abundance

* * *

plenitud

f height, pinnacle;

en la plenitud de su carrera at the height of his career;

estar en la plenitud de la vida be in the prime of life;

estar en plenitud de facultades mentales be in full possession of one’s mental faculties

* * *

plenitud nf

: fullness, abundance

Spanish-English dictionary > plenitud
10 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
11 AT

I) prep.

A. with dative.

I. Of motion;

1) towards, against;

Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;

hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;

2) close atup to;

Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;

þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;

3) to, at;

koma at landi, to come to land;

ganga at dómi, to go into court;

4) along (= eptir);

ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;

dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;

refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;

5) denoting hostility;

renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;

gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;

6) around;

vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;

bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;

7) denoting business, engagement;

ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;

fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.

II. Of position, &c.;

1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;

at kirkju, at church;

at dómi, in court;

at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;

2) denoting participation in;

vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;

vera at vígi, to be an accessory in man-slaying;

3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;

kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;

var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;

4) with proper names of places (farms);

konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;

biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;

at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;

5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;

at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;

at Marðar, at Mara’s home;

at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;

at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).

III. Of time;

1) at, in;

at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;

at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;

at páskum, at Easter;

at kveldi, at eventide;

at þinglausnum, at the close of the Assembly;

at fjöru, at the ebb;

at flœðum, at the floodtide;

2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;

at ári komanda, next year;

at vári, er kemr, next spring;

generally with ‘komanda’ understood;

at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;

3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;

at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;

at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;

at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;

at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;

at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;

at honum önduðum, after his death;

4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;

hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;

skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;

at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.

IV. fig. and in various uses;

1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;

brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;

verða at ormi, to become a snake;

2) for, as;

gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;

eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;

3) by;

taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;

draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;

kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;

4) as regards as to;

auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;

vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;

5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;

ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;

6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;

faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);

aðili at sök = aðili sakar;

7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;

hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;

mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;

tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;

kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;

8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;

Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);

þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;

hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;

9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);

at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;

at landslögum, by the law of the land;

at vánum, as was to be expected;

at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;

10) in adverbial phrases;

gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;

bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;

at fullu, fully;

at vísu, surely;

at frjálsu, freely;

at eilífu, for ever and ever;

at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;

at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;

at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.

B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);

sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;

eiga féránsdóm at e-n, to hold a court of execution upon a person;

at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;

connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;

at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.

II)

1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;

at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;

2) in an objective sense;

hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;

gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;

3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).

III)

1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;

hón grét at meir, she wept the more;

þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;

þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;

2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);

þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;

sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.

IV)

conj., that;

1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;

þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;

vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;

2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;

svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;

3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);

4) since, because, as (= því at);

5) connected with þó, því, svá;

þó at (with subj.), though, although;

því at, because, for;

svá at, so that;

6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;

þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;

þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;

áðr at (= á. en), before;

7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;

Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;

in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.

V)

negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.

VI)

n. an incited conflict or fight ( see etja);

odda at, Yggs at, battle.

* * *

1.

and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.

Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.

WITH DAT.

A. LOC.

I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:

1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.

2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.

3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)

4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.

5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.

β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.

6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.

β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.

γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.

7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.

β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.

8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.

β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.

II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.

2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.

3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:

α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.

β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.

γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.

4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.

5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.

6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.

β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.

γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.

7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.

B. TEMP.

I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.

II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.

β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.

III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:

1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,

2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.

IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:

1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.

2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.

3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.

V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.

2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.

C. METAPH. and in various cases:

I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:

α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.

β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.

II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.

2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.

III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.

IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.

2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)

3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.

4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.

5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.

6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.

β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.

V. denoting the source of a thing:

1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.

2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.

VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.

VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.

VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.

β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.

IX. following many words:

1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.

β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …

γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.

δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.

2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.

3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.

WITH ACC.

TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.

☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.

2.

and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.

I. it is used either,

1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,

2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.

β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).

3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.

II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:

α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.

β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.

γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.

δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.

ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.

ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.

η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.

θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.

3.

and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.

I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.

II. it is used,

1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.

2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.

β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.

γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.

III. used in connection with conjunctions,

1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.

α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.

β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.

γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.

2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.

IV. as a relat. conj.:

1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.

2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.

V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.

4.

and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.

5.

n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.

β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.

6.

the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT
12 aparato

m.

1 machine.

aparato de diálisis kidney machine

aparatos gimnásticos apparatus (en competición, escuela)

aparato de radio radio

aparato de televisión television set

aparato de vídeo video (cassette) recorder

2 plane.

3 aid (medicine) (prótesis).

4 system (anatomy).

aparato circulatorio circulatory system

aparato digestivo digestive system

aparato reproductor reproductive system

aparato respiratorio respiratory system

aparato urinario urinary tract

Aparato respiratorio Respiratory system.

5 machinery (politics).

6 pomp, ostentation.

7 appliance, gadget, mechanism, unit.

8 brace.

9 theatricality, exaggeration.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: aparatar.

* * *

aparato

► nombre masculino

1 (mecanismo) (piece of) apparatus, set; (eléctrico) appliance

■ aparatos eléctricos equipment

2 (dispositivo) device; (instrumento) instrument

3 (teléfono) telephone

■ está al aparato he's on the phone

4 (avión) plane

5 (exageración) exaggeration

6 (ostentación) pomp, display, show

■ con mucho aparato very pompously

7 (tormenta) flashes of lightning plural

■ una tormenta con gran aparato (eléctrico) a storm with tremendous flashes of lightning

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

aparato auditivo hearing aid

aparato de radio radio set

aparato de televisión television set

aparato digestivo ANATOMÍA digestive system

aparato ortopédico orthopedic aid

el aparato del estado the State apparatus

* * *

noun m.

1) machine

2) apparatus

3) appliance, set

4) system

* * *

SM

1) (Téc) machine

uno de esos aparatos para hacer café — one of those coffee machines o coffee-making things *

un aparato para medir el nivel de contaminación — a device to measure pollution levels

aparato antirrobo — anti-theft device

aparato de escucha — listening device

aparato de medición — measuring instrument

aparato de relojería — clockwork mechanism

aparato fotográfico — photographic instrument, camera

aparato lector de microfilmes — microfilm reader

aparatos de mando — (Aer) controls

aparatos periféricos — (Inform) peripherals

aparatos sanitarios — bathroom fittings

2) (Elec) (=electrodoméstico) appliance; (=televisor, radio) set

aparato de uso doméstico — domestic appliance

aparato de radio — radio

aparato de televisión — television set

aparato eléctrico — electrical appliance

3) (Telec) phone, telephone

• al aparato, -¿puedo hablar con Pilar Ruiz? -al aparato — "can I speak to Pilar Ruiz?" - "speaking"

¡Gerardo, al aparato! — Gerardo, telephone!

colgar el aparato — to put down the phone, hang up

ponerse al aparato — to come to the phone

tener a algn al aparato — to have sb on the line

4) (Med)

ya respira sin ayuda del aparato — she can now breathe without the apparatus o device

aparato auditivo — hearing aid

aparato circulatorio — circulatory system

aparato dental, aparato de ortodoncia — brace, braces pl (EEUU)

aparato digestivo — digestive system

aparato genital femenino — female genitalia

aparato genital masculino — male genitalia

aparato ortopédico — surgical appliance, orthopaedic aid, orthopedic aid (US)

aparato para sordos — hearing aid

aparato respiratorio — respiratory system

5) (Gimnasia) (=máquina) exercise machine, fitness machine; (=anillas, barras) piece of apparatus

fallaron en casi todos los aparatos — they failed on almost all the apparatus

6) (Aer) aircraft, airplane (EEUU)

7) (=formalismo, artificio)

todo el aparato con el que viaja un rey — all the pomp and ceremony which accompanies a king when he travels

el festival llevaba un gran aparato de protocolo — the festival was accompanied by a great show of protocol

viaja sin aparato ceremonial — he travels without any ceremonial escort

nos lo contó con gran aparato de misterio — she told us all about it with a great air of mystery

8) (Pol) (=estructura) [de base] machine; [de control] machinery

el aparato del partido — the party machine, the party apparatus

un fuerte aparato publicitario — a powerful publicity machine

ven a la Iglesia como un aparato de poder — they see the Church as a power structure

aparato electoral — electoral machine

aparato estatal — state system, government machinery

9) (Meteo)

una tormenta con gran aparato eléctrico — a storm with a great deal of thunder and lightning

10) (=indicios) signs pl, symptoms pl ; (Med) symptoms pl ; (Psic) syndrome

11) (Literat)

aparato crítico — critical apparatus

12) ** (=pene) equipment *; (=vagina) pussy ***

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( máquina)

uno de esos aparatos para hacer pasta — one of those pasta machines

aparatos eléctricos — electrical appliances

eso requiere aparatos especiales — that requires special equipment

b) ( de televisión) set; ( de radio) receiver

2) ( para gimnasia) piece of apparatus

los aparatos — the apparatus, the equipment

3)

a) ( audífono) tb

aparato auditivo — hearing aid

b) (Odont) tb

aparatos — braces (pl)

4) ( teléfono) telephone

ponerse al aparato — to come to the phone

al aparato! — speaking!

5) (frml) ( avión) aircraft

6) (estructura, sistema) machine

el aparato del partido — the party machine

el aparato represivo — the machinery of repression

7) ( ceremonia) pomp

8) (fam & euf) ( pene) weenie (AmE colloq), willy (BrE colloq); ( genitales masculinos) equipment (euph)

•

- aparato circulatorio/digestivo/respiratorio

- aparato ortopédico

* * *

= apparatus, device, machine, whatchamacallit, gadget, widget, rig, appliance, unit, contraption.

Ex. The abstracts of research papers will typically represent the methodology employed, in particular, apparatus, equipment, tools, materials.

Ex. The extent of application of the synthetic devices will vary from one library to another.

Ex. Synonyms, related terms and other variants must now be collected, either by human selection, or with the aid of the machine.

Ex. In his book's section ' Watchamacallit' he forecasts that communication between user and machine will be through voice for entering text and a pen-like device for pointing.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Exhibits in the American Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair: women's clothing, men's gadgets, hot dogs and haute couture'.

Ex. The term widget is taken from the 1963 movie, 'The Wheeler-Dealers'.

Ex. An adjustable seating rig was used to create the three-dimensional shape of a static lounge chair.

Ex. People want information available through the appliances they use in the mainstream of their daily lives.

Ex. Data-capture units are light pens, and such units can be made available at various locations in the library for public consultation.

Ex. If you are in cahoots with the circle of power, you get your projects approved in no time, and in some cases, you can build the most hideous and unsightly contraption.

----

* aparato burocrático = bureaucratic apparatus.

* aparato de aire acondicionado = air conditioner.

* aparato de grabación = recorder.

* aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.

* aparato de lectura = reading machine.

* aparato del partido = party machinery.

* aparato de medición = meter.

* aparato de radio = radio set.

* aparato de televisión = television set, TV set.

* aparato de vídeo = videocassette recorder (VCR), home video recorder, video recorder.

* aparato digestivo = gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract.

* aparato eléctrico = electrical apparatus, power appliance.

* aparato electrónico = electronic device.

* aparato motorizado = motorised device.

* aparato óptico = optical device.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.

* aparato político = machine politics.

* aparato propagandista = propaganda machine.

* aparatos = gadgetry, mechanical equipment.

* aparatos de vídeo = video equipment.

* aparatos eléctricos = electrical equipment, electrical appliances, appliances, household appliances.

* aparatos eléctricos del hogar = home appliances, domestic appliances, home appliances.

* aparatos electrónicos = electronic(s) appliances.

* aparato urinario = urinary tract.

* zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( máquina)

uno de esos aparatos para hacer pasta — one of those pasta machines

aparatos eléctricos — electrical appliances

eso requiere aparatos especiales — that requires special equipment

b) ( de televisión) set; ( de radio) receiver

2) ( para gimnasia) piece of apparatus

los aparatos — the apparatus, the equipment

3)

a) ( audífono) tb

aparato auditivo — hearing aid

b) (Odont) tb

aparatos — braces (pl)

4) ( teléfono) telephone

ponerse al aparato — to come to the phone

al aparato! — speaking!

5) (frml) ( avión) aircraft

6) (estructura, sistema) machine

el aparato del partido — the party machine

el aparato represivo — the machinery of repression

7) ( ceremonia) pomp

8) (fam & euf) ( pene) weenie (AmE colloq), willy (BrE colloq); ( genitales masculinos) equipment (euph)

•

- aparato circulatorio/digestivo/respiratorio

- aparato ortopédico

* * *

= apparatus, device, machine, whatchamacallit, gadget, widget, rig, appliance, unit, contraption.

Ex: The abstracts of research papers will typically represent the methodology employed, in particular, apparatus, equipment, tools, materials.

Ex: The extent of application of the synthetic devices will vary from one library to another.

Ex: Synonyms, related terms and other variants must now be collected, either by human selection, or with the aid of the machine.

Ex: In his book's section ' Watchamacallit' he forecasts that communication between user and machine will be through voice for entering text and a pen-like device for pointing.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Exhibits in the American Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair: women's clothing, men's gadgets, hot dogs and haute couture'.

Ex: The term widget is taken from the 1963 movie, 'The Wheeler-Dealers'.

Ex: An adjustable seating rig was used to create the three-dimensional shape of a static lounge chair.

Ex: People want information available through the appliances they use in the mainstream of their daily lives.

Ex: Data-capture units are light pens, and such units can be made available at various locations in the library for public consultation.

Ex: If you are in cahoots with the circle of power, you get your projects approved in no time, and in some cases, you can build the most hideous and unsightly contraption.

* aparato burocrático = bureaucratic apparatus.

* aparato de aire acondicionado = air conditioner.

* aparato de grabación = recorder.

* aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.

* aparato de lectura = reading machine.

* aparato del partido = party machinery.

* aparato de medición = meter.

* aparato de radio = radio set.

* aparato de televisión = television set, TV set.

* aparato de vídeo = videocassette recorder (VCR), home video recorder, video recorder.

* aparato digestivo = gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract.

* aparato eléctrico = electrical apparatus, power appliance.

* aparato electrónico = electronic device.

* aparato motorizado = motorised device.

* aparato óptico = optical device.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.

* aparato político = machine politics.

* aparato propagandista = propaganda machine.

* aparatos = gadgetry, mechanical equipment.

* aparatos de vídeo = video equipment.

* aparatos eléctricos = electrical equipment, electrical appliances, appliances, household appliances.

* aparatos eléctricos del hogar = home appliances, domestic appliances, home appliances.

* aparatos electrónicos = electronic(s) appliances.

* aparato urinario = urinary tract.

* zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.

* * *

aparato

masculine

A

1

(máquina): tiene la cocina llena de aparatos eléctricos the kitchen is full of electrical appliances

ese tipo de análisis requiere aparatos especiales that type of test requires special equipment

uno de esos aparatos para hacer zumo one of those juicer machines

el aparato para tomarte la tensión the apparatus for taking your blood pressure

2 (de televisión) set, receiver; (de radio) receiver

B (para gimnasia) piece of apparatus

los aparatos the apparatus, the equipment

Compuesto:

aparato de remo

rowing machine

C

1 (audífono) tb

aparato auditivo hearing aid

2 ( Odont) tb

aparatos braces (pl), brace ( BrE)

D (teléfono) telephone

ponerse al aparato to come to the phone

¡al aparato! speaking!

E ( frml) (avión) aircraft

F (estructura, sistema) machine

el aparato del partido the party machine

el aparato represivo montado por la dictadura the machinery of repression set up under the dictatorship

G

1 (ceremonia) pomp

fue recibido con mucho aparato he was received with great pomp (and ceremony)

todo el aparato que acompañó a la boda del príncipe all the pageantry which accompanied the prince's wedding

2 ( fam) (jaleo, escándalo) fuss ( colloq), to-do ( colloq)

H ( fam euf) (pene) thing ( colloq), weenie ( AmE colloq), willy ( BrE colloq); (genitales masculinos) equipment ( euph)

Compuestos:

● aparato circulatorio

circulatory system

● aparato crítico

critical apparatus

● aparato digestivo

digestive system

● aparato eléctrico

thunder and lightning

una fuerte tormenta acompañada de gran aparato eléctrico a heavy thunderstorm

● aparato ortopédico

surgical appliance

● aparato respiratorio

respiratory system

* * *

aparato sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( máquina):

◊ uno de esos aparatos para hacer pasta one of those pasta machines;

aparatos eléctricos electrical appliances
b) ( de televisión) set;

( de radio) receiver
c) ( dispositivo) device;

◊ aparato ortopédico surgical appliance;

aparato auditivo hearing aid
d) (Odont) tb

◊ aparatos braces (pl)

e) ( teléfono) telephone;

◊ ponerse al aparato to come to the phone

2 ( para gimnasia) piece of apparatus;
◊ los aparatos the apparatus, the equipment

3 (frml) ( avión) aircraft
4 (estructura, sistema) machine;
◊ el aparato del partido the party machine;

aparato circulatorio/digestivo/respiratorio circulatory/digestive/respiratory system
aparato sustantivo masculino
1 (piece of) apparatus
(dispositivo) device
(instrumento) instrument
aparato de radio/televisión, radio/television set
2 Med system
aparato reproductor, reproductive system
3 (lujo, pompa) display, pomp
4 fam (teléfono) phone: ponte al aparato, come to the phone
5 (corrector de los dientes) braces
6 (señal que acompaña a un suceso) fue una tormenta con mucho aparato eléctrico, it was a storm with lots of thunder and lightning
7 (grupo que decide en una organización, Estado, etc) machine
' aparato' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bloquear
- cable
- chisme
- deshecha
- deshecho
- escacharrarse
- escénica
- escénico
- esfera
- extensor
- extensora
- frigoría
- ingenio
- joder
- lector
- lectora
- palanca
- probar
- programar
- radio
- registrador
- registradora
- sensibilidad
- sensible
- simulador
- simuladora
- soldador
- soldadora
- trastorno
- vídeo
- ala
- arreglar
- artilugio
- asador
- aspirar
- bip
- cacharro
- cámara
- carcacha
- carcasa
- cocina
- compact disc
- cuatrapearse
- dañar
- descomponer
- descompuesto
- desconectar
- digestivo
- digital
- dispositivo
English:
apparatus
- balance
- brace
- built-in
- damage
- detector
- device
- disconnect
- domestic
- fax
- foolproof
- hire
- life-support
- machine
- machinery
- mechanics
- misuse
- perform
- radio set
- scrambler
- set
- setting
- television (set)
- time-saving
- toilet
- transmitter
- try
- useful
- video
- walkie-talkie
- watch
- wire
- appliance
- calipers
- gadget
- system
- two
- widget

* * *

aparato nm

1. [máquina] machine;
[electrodoméstico] appliance;
compró un aparato para medir el viento she bought a device to measure the wind speed

Comp
aparato de diálisis dialysis machine;
aparatos eléctricos electrical appliances;

aparatos electrónicos electronic devices;

aparatos de laboratorio laboratory apparatus;

aparato de radio radio;

aparato de televisión television set;

aparato de vídeo video recorder

2. [teléfono]
¿quién está al aparato? who's speaking?;

¡al aparato! speaking!

3. [avión] plane

4. [prótesis] aid;
[para dientes] braces, Br brace
Comp
aparato para sordos hearing aid
5. [en gimnasia] [en competición, escuela] piece of apparatus;
[en gimnasio privado] exercise machine
Comp
aparatos gimnásticos [en competición, escuela] apparatus;
aparato de remo rowing machine

6. Anat aparato circulatorio circulatory system;

aparato digestivo digestive system;

aparato excretor excretory system;

aparato genital genitalia, genitals;

aparato locomotor locomotor system;

aparato olfativo olfactory system;

aparato reproductor reproductive system;

aparato respiratorio respiratory system;

aparato urinario urinary tract;

aparato visual visual system

7. Pol
el aparato del Estado the machinery of State;

el aparato del partido [altos mandos] the party leadership;
[organización] the party machinery;
el aparato represivo the machinery of repression

8. [ostentación] pomp, ostentation;

una boda con gran aparato a wedding with a lot of pomp and ceremony

9. Meteo aparato eléctrico thunder and lightning;

una tormenta con impresionante aparato eléctrico a storm with an impressive display of thunder and lightning

10. Fam [genitales de hombre] equipment, Br tackle

* * *

aparato

m

1 piece of equipment; doméstico appliance;

al aparato TELEC speaking

2 BIO, ANAT system

3 de partido político machine

* * *

aparato nm

1) : machine, appliance, apparatus

aparato auditivo: hearing aid

aparato de televisión: television set

2) : system

aparato digestivo: digestive system

3) : display, ostentation

sin aparato: without ceremony

4) aparatos nmpl

: braces (for the teeth)

* * *

aparato n

1. (mecanismo) device / thing

es un aparato para medir ángulos it's a thing for measuring angles

2. (doméstico) appliance

una lavadora es un aparato eléctrico a washing machine is an electrical appliance

3. (televisión, radio) set

he comprado un aparato de televisión I've bought a television set

4. (conjunto de órganos) system

el aparato respiratorio the respiratory system

5. (de gimnasio) a piece of apparatus

el potro es un aparato de gimnasio the horse is a piece of gym apparatus

6. (para los dientes) brace

mi hermana tiene que llevar aparato my sister has to wear a brace

Spanish-English dictionary > aparato
13 כול

כּוֹל, כּוֹלָא, כּוֹלָּאch. = h. כֹּל 1) all, every one; any. Constr. כָּל (frequ. used absolutely). Targ. O. Gen. 16:12, sq. Targ. Ex. 20:9. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:49 לא כל היאך not at all as (thou sayest); a. fr.Y.Yoma VIII, 45b bot. לא כולא מן הדיןוכ׳ all does not depend upon this man (it is not at all within his power) to say to the king, Thou art no king, i. e. his saying that the Day of Atonement has no atoning power, cannot affect its power; Y.Shebu.II, 33b bot.Snh.46b, a. fr. (לאו) לא כל כמיניה all is not as if dependent on him, i. e. he has no power to Gen. R. s. 79, beg. (expl. בכלח, Job 5:26) תבא בכולא אליוכ׳ (some ed. בכוֹלָּה) thou shalt enter the grave in fulness, full, wanting nothing.כָּל דְּכֵן = h. כָּל שֶׁכֵּן, v. כֹּל. Targ. Job 4:19; a. fr.Nidd.51a; a. fr.כָּל עלמא, v. infra.With suffix כּוּלָךְ, כּוּלֵיה (Buxt. כֻּלָּךְ) all of thee, of him, entire. Targ. Gen. 25:25; a. fr.Yoma 14b כוליה יומא the entire day; ib. 19a (not כולי). Ib. 26a כּוּלְהוּ מצפרא אתו (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 10) all of them come in (for their share) by the lots cast in the morning; a. fr.Pl. constr. כּוּלֵי all of. Targ. Esth. 6:1 כ׳ ליליא (ed. Lag. כוליה). Targ. Koh. 10:12 כ׳ עלמא (ed. Lag. כוליה).Y.Ber.II, 4b כ׳ עלמא ידעין ed. Lehm. (ed. כל) all the world, all people know (abbr. כ״ע); Y.M. Kat. III, 83c bot. כל עמא; v. עָלְמָא. Kidd.79b, v. כּוּל ch.כ׳ האי all of that, to that extent. Erub.61a. B. Mets.84b כ׳ה׳ ודאיוכ׳ after it has come to all this (it being so well known), it is surely not proper. Ab. Zar.24a; a. v. fr.Ḥag.4b כ׳ה׳ ואולי all this (is required of us) and yet only ‘perhaps (Zeph. 2:3)! Taan.25a כ׳ה׳ ואפשר all this (trouble) and ‘only perhaps! 2) capacity, power (cmp. יכל). Y.Peah VIII, 20d bot. לא כָּלָּן מסתורוכ׳ our (my) strength consists not in tearing down but

Jewish literature > כול
14 כולא

כּוֹל, כּוֹלָא, כּוֹלָּאch. = h. כֹּל 1) all, every one; any. Constr. כָּל (frequ. used absolutely). Targ. O. Gen. 16:12, sq. Targ. Ex. 20:9. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:49 לא כל היאך not at all as (thou sayest); a. fr.Y.Yoma VIII, 45b bot. לא כולא מן הדיןוכ׳ all does not depend upon this man (it is not at all within his power) to say to the king, Thou art no king, i. e. his saying that the Day of Atonement has no atoning power, cannot affect its power; Y.Shebu.II, 33b bot.Snh.46b, a. fr. (לאו) לא כל כמיניה all is not as if dependent on him, i. e. he has no power to Gen. R. s. 79, beg. (expl. בכלח, Job 5:26) תבא בכולא אליוכ׳ (some ed. בכוֹלָּה) thou shalt enter the grave in fulness, full, wanting nothing.כָּל דְּכֵן = h. כָּל שֶׁכֵּן, v. כֹּל. Targ. Job 4:19; a. fr.Nidd.51a; a. fr.כָּל עלמא, v. infra.With suffix כּוּלָךְ, כּוּלֵיה (Buxt. כֻּלָּךְ) all of thee, of him, entire. Targ. Gen. 25:25; a. fr.Yoma 14b כוליה יומא the entire day; ib. 19a (not כולי). Ib. 26a כּוּלְהוּ מצפרא אתו (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 10) all of them come in (for their share) by the lots cast in the morning; a. fr.Pl. constr. כּוּלֵי all of. Targ. Esth. 6:1 כ׳ ליליא (ed. Lag. כוליה). Targ. Koh. 10:12 כ׳ עלמא (ed. Lag. כוליה).Y.Ber.II, 4b כ׳ עלמא ידעין ed. Lehm. (ed. כל) all the world, all people know (abbr. כ״ע); Y.M. Kat. III, 83c bot. כל עמא; v. עָלְמָא. Kidd.79b, v. כּוּל ch.כ׳ האי all of that, to that extent. Erub.61a. B. Mets.84b כ׳ה׳ ודאיוכ׳ after it has come to all this (it being so well known), it is surely not proper. Ab. Zar.24a; a. v. fr.Ḥag.4b כ׳ה׳ ואולי all this (is required of us) and yet only ‘perhaps (Zeph. 2:3)! Taan.25a כ׳ה׳ ואפשר all this (trouble) and ‘only perhaps! 2) capacity, power (cmp. יכל). Y.Peah VIII, 20d bot. לא כָּלָּן מסתורוכ׳ our (my) strength consists not in tearing down but

Jewish literature > כולא
15 כּוֹל

כּוֹל, כּוֹלָא, כּוֹלָּאch. = h. כֹּל 1) all, every one; any. Constr. כָּל (frequ. used absolutely). Targ. O. Gen. 16:12, sq. Targ. Ex. 20:9. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:49 לא כל היאך not at all as (thou sayest); a. fr.Y.Yoma VIII, 45b bot. לא כולא מן הדיןוכ׳ all does not depend upon this man (it is not at all within his power) to say to the king, Thou art no king, i. e. his saying that the Day of Atonement has no atoning power, cannot affect its power; Y.Shebu.II, 33b bot.Snh.46b, a. fr. (לאו) לא כל כמיניה all is not as if dependent on him, i. e. he has no power to Gen. R. s. 79, beg. (expl. בכלח, Job 5:26) תבא בכולא אליוכ׳ (some ed. בכוֹלָּה) thou shalt enter the grave in fulness, full, wanting nothing.כָּל דְּכֵן = h. כָּל שֶׁכֵּן, v. כֹּל. Targ. Job 4:19; a. fr.Nidd.51a; a. fr.כָּל עלמא, v. infra.With suffix כּוּלָךְ, כּוּלֵיה (Buxt. כֻּלָּךְ) all of thee, of him, entire. Targ. Gen. 25:25; a. fr.Yoma 14b כוליה יומא the entire day; ib. 19a (not כולי). Ib. 26a כּוּלְהוּ מצפרא אתו (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 10) all of them come in (for their share) by the lots cast in the morning; a. fr.Pl. constr. כּוּלֵי all of. Targ. Esth. 6:1 כ׳ ליליא (ed. Lag. כוליה). Targ. Koh. 10:12 כ׳ עלמא (ed. Lag. כוליה).Y.Ber.II, 4b כ׳ עלמא ידעין ed. Lehm. (ed. כל) all the world, all people know (abbr. כ״ע); Y.M. Kat. III, 83c bot. כל עמא; v. עָלְמָא. Kidd.79b, v. כּוּל ch.כ׳ האי all of that, to that extent. Erub.61a. B. Mets.84b כ׳ה׳ ודאיוכ׳ after it has come to all this (it being so well known), it is surely not proper. Ab. Zar.24a; a. v. fr.Ḥag.4b כ׳ה׳ ואולי all this (is required of us) and yet only ‘perhaps (Zeph. 2:3)! Taan.25a כ׳ה׳ ואפשר all this (trouble) and ‘only perhaps! 2) capacity, power (cmp. יכל). Y.Peah VIII, 20d bot. לא כָּלָּן מסתורוכ׳ our (my) strength consists not in tearing down but

Jewish literature > כּוֹל
16 כּוֹלָא

כּוֹל, כּוֹלָא, כּוֹלָּאch. = h. כֹּל 1) all, every one; any. Constr. כָּל (frequ. used absolutely). Targ. O. Gen. 16:12, sq. Targ. Ex. 20:9. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:49 לא כל היאך not at all as (thou sayest); a. fr.Y.Yoma VIII, 45b bot. לא כולא מן הדיןוכ׳ all does not depend upon this man (it is not at all within his power) to say to the king, Thou art no king, i. e. his saying that the Day of Atonement has no atoning power, cannot affect its power; Y.Shebu.II, 33b bot.Snh.46b, a. fr. (לאו) לא כל כמיניה all is not as if dependent on him, i. e. he has no power to Gen. R. s. 79, beg. (expl. בכלח, Job 5:26) תבא בכולא אליוכ׳ (some ed. בכוֹלָּה) thou shalt enter the grave in fulness, full, wanting nothing.כָּל דְּכֵן = h. כָּל שֶׁכֵּן, v. כֹּל. Targ. Job 4:19; a. fr.Nidd.51a; a. fr.כָּל עלמא, v. infra.With suffix כּוּלָךְ, כּוּלֵיה (Buxt. כֻּלָּךְ) all of thee, of him, entire. Targ. Gen. 25:25; a. fr.Yoma 14b כוליה יומא the entire day; ib. 19a (not כולי). Ib. 26a כּוּלְהוּ מצפרא אתו (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 10) all of them come in (for their share) by the lots cast in the morning; a. fr.Pl. constr. כּוּלֵי all of. Targ. Esth. 6:1 כ׳ ליליא (ed. Lag. כוליה). Targ. Koh. 10:12 כ׳ עלמא (ed. Lag. כוליה).Y.Ber.II, 4b כ׳ עלמא ידעין ed. Lehm. (ed. כל) all the world, all people know (abbr. כ״ע); Y.M. Kat. III, 83c bot. כל עמא; v. עָלְמָא. Kidd.79b, v. כּוּל ch.כ׳ האי all of that, to that extent. Erub.61a. B. Mets.84b כ׳ה׳ ודאיוכ׳ after it has come to all this (it being so well known), it is surely not proper. Ab. Zar.24a; a. v. fr.Ḥag.4b כ׳ה׳ ואולי all this (is required of us) and yet only ‘perhaps (Zeph. 2:3)! Taan.25a כ׳ה׳ ואפשר all this (trouble) and ‘only perhaps! 2) capacity, power (cmp. יכל). Y.Peah VIII, 20d bot. לא כָּלָּן מסתורוכ׳ our (my) strength consists not in tearing down but

Jewish literature > כּוֹלָא
17 כּוֹלָּא

כּוֹל, כּוֹלָא, כּוֹלָּאch. = h. כֹּל 1) all, every one; any. Constr. כָּל (frequ. used absolutely). Targ. O. Gen. 16:12, sq. Targ. Ex. 20:9. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:49 לא כל היאך not at all as (thou sayest); a. fr.Y.Yoma VIII, 45b bot. לא כולא מן הדיןוכ׳ all does not depend upon this man (it is not at all within his power) to say to the king, Thou art no king, i. e. his saying that the Day of Atonement has no atoning power, cannot affect its power; Y.Shebu.II, 33b bot.Snh.46b, a. fr. (לאו) לא כל כמיניה all is not as if dependent on him, i. e. he has no power to Gen. R. s. 79, beg. (expl. בכלח, Job 5:26) תבא בכולא אליוכ׳ (some ed. בכוֹלָּה) thou shalt enter the grave in fulness, full, wanting nothing.כָּל דְּכֵן = h. כָּל שֶׁכֵּן, v. כֹּל. Targ. Job 4:19; a. fr.Nidd.51a; a. fr.כָּל עלמא, v. infra.With suffix כּוּלָךְ, כּוּלֵיה (Buxt. כֻּלָּךְ) all of thee, of him, entire. Targ. Gen. 25:25; a. fr.Yoma 14b כוליה יומא the entire day; ib. 19a (not כולי). Ib. 26a כּוּלְהוּ מצפרא אתו (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 10) all of them come in (for their share) by the lots cast in the morning; a. fr.Pl. constr. כּוּלֵי all of. Targ. Esth. 6:1 כ׳ ליליא (ed. Lag. כוליה). Targ. Koh. 10:12 כ׳ עלמא (ed. Lag. כוליה).Y.Ber.II, 4b כ׳ עלמא ידעין ed. Lehm. (ed. כל) all the world, all people know (abbr. כ״ע); Y.M. Kat. III, 83c bot. כל עמא; v. עָלְמָא. Kidd.79b, v. כּוּל ch.כ׳ האי all of that, to that extent. Erub.61a. B. Mets.84b כ׳ה׳ ודאיוכ׳ after it has come to all this (it being so well known), it is surely not proper. Ab. Zar.24a; a. v. fr.Ḥag.4b כ׳ה׳ ואולי all this (is required of us) and yet only ‘perhaps (Zeph. 2:3)! Taan.25a כ׳ה׳ ואפשר all this (trouble) and ‘only perhaps! 2) capacity, power (cmp. יכל). Y.Peah VIII, 20d bot. לא כָּלָּן מסתורוכ׳ our (my) strength consists not in tearing down but

Jewish literature > כּוֹלָּא
18 punto

m.

1 spot, dot (marca).

recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line

2 full stop (British), period (United States).

dos puntos (sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico) colon

poner los puntos sobre las íes (figurative) to dot the i's and cross the t's

y punto (informal) and that's that

punto y aparte full stop o (British) period, new paragraph (United States)

punto y coma semicolon

punto final full stop (British), period (United States)

poner punto final a algo (figurative) to bring something to a close

punto y seguido full stop (British), period (United States)

puntos suspensivos (no new paragraph) dots, suspension points

3 point.

ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points

4 point (asunto).

punto débil/fuerte weak/strong point

puntos a tratar matters to be discussed

punto de vista point of view, viewpoint

5 spot, place (place).

este es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened

punto de apoyo fulcrum; (en palanca) backup, support (figurative)

punto cardinal point of the compass, cardinal point (specialist term)

punto de contacto point of contact

punto de encuentro meeting point

punto negro blackhead; (grano) accident blackspot (en carretera)

punto de venta (commerce) point of sale; retail outlet (tienda)

6 point, moment (momento).

llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…

estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are

punto culminante high point

punto de ebullición/fusión boiling/melting point

punto de inflexión turning point

punto de partida starting point

7 stitch (puntada).

punto de cruz cross-stitch

8 knitting.

hacer punto to knit

un jersey de punto a knitted jumper

punto de ganchillo crochet

9 period, full stop.

10 guy.

11 pixel.

12 punctus, punctum.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: puntar.

* * *

punto

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) point

2 (marca) dot

3 (tanto) point

■ nos llevan cinco puntos de ventaja they're five points ahead of us

4 (detrás de abreviatura) dot; (al final de la oración) full stop, US period

5 (lugar) spot

■ ¿en qué punto de la carretera se encuentran? exactly where on the road are they?

6 (tema) point

7 (tejido) knitwear

■ me he comprado una falda de punto I bought a knitted skirt

8 (en costura, sutura) stitch

■ me caí y me dieron tres puntos en la barbilla I fell and needed three stitches on my chin

9 (de libro) bookmark

10 (en la media) ladder, US run

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a punto de caramelo (en repostería) caramelized 2 (en su punto) just right, perfect

■ pídele el aumento ahora que está a punto de caramelo ask him for a rise now that he's in the mood

a punto de nieve stiff

■ tienes que batir las claras a punto de nieve you have to beat the egg whites stiff

al punto (rápidamente) immediately

coger un punto familiar to get tipsy, get merry

con puntos y comas in detail

dar en el punto to hit the nail on the head

de todo punto absolutely

en punto sharp, on the dot

■ son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock

estar a punto to be ready

estar a punto de to be about to, be on the point of

■ ese jarrón está a punto de caerse that vase is about to fall

■ estuvimos a punto de matarnos we nearly got killed

estar en su punto (comida) to be cooked to perfection

■ la pasta está en su punto the pasta is just right

■ este pastel te ha quedado en su punto this cake has turned out perfect

ganar puntos to win points

ganar por puntos to win on points

hacer punto to knit

hasta cierto punto up to a certain point

hasta tal punto que... to such an extent that...

llegar a punto to arrive on time

perder puntos (gen) to lose points 2 (alumno) to lose marks

■ perdió puntos porque su letra era mala he lost marks because of his bad handwriting

poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot one's i's and cross one's t's

poner punto final a algo to put an end to something

¡punto en boca! mum's the word!

punto por punto in detail

dos puntos colon

punto cadena chain stitch

punto cardinal cardinal point

punto culminante climax

punto de apoyo (en palanca) fulcrum 2 (base) cornerstone

punto de arranque beginning

punto de break break point

punto de congelación freezing point

punto de contacto point of contact

punto de cruz cross-stitch

punto de ebullición boiling point

punto de encuentro meeting point

punto de fusión melting point

punto de libro bookmark

punto de media stocking stitch

punto de mira (objetivo) target 2 (en rifle) sight, front sight 3 (punto de vista) viewpoint

punto de partida starting point

punto de partido match point

punto de referencia point of reference

punto de ruptura break point

punto de servicio service point

punto de set set point

punto de sutura stitch

punto de venta sales outlet

punto de vista point of view

punto débil weak point

punto decimal decimal point

punto del revés purl stitch

punto final (en dictado) full stop, US period

punto flaco weak point

punto fuerte strong point

punto muerto (en un coche) neutral 2 (en una negociación) standstill, stalemate, deadlock

■ deja el coche en punto muerto leave the car in neutral

■ las negociaciones ha entrado en punto muerto the negotiations have reached a stalemate

punto negro (en la piel) blackhead 2 (en la carretera) black spot

punto neurálgico nerve centre

punto y aparte (en ortografía) full stop, new paragraph, US period, new paragraph

punto y coma semicolon

punto y seguido full stop, new sentence, US period, new sentence

* * *

noun m.

1) point

2) dot

3) period

4) stitch

•

- dos puntos
- punto final
- punto y coma
* * *

SM

1) (=topo) [en un diseño] dot, spot; [en plumaje] spot, speckle; [en carta, dominó] spot, pip

aparecen en la piel unos puntos rojos — red spots appear on the skin

línea de puntos — dotted line

punto de luz — light

punto negro — (=espinilla) blackhead

2) (=signo) [en la i] dot; [de puntuación] full stop, period (EEUU)

• dos puntos — colon

- con puntos y comas

les contó con puntos y comas lo que había pasado — she told them what had happened down to the last detail

- poner los puntos sobre las íes

le puso los puntos sobre las íes — she corrected him, she drew attention to his inaccuracies

- sin faltar punto ni coma

y punto —

¡lo digo yo y punto! — I'm telling you so and that's that!

punto acápite — LAm [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)

punto final — full stop, period (EEUU); (fig) end

poner punto final a la discusión — to put an end to the argument, draw a line under the argument

puntos suspensivos — [gen] suspension points; [en dictado] dot, dot, dot

punto y aparte — [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)

esto marca un punto y aparte en la historia del teatro — this marks a break with tradition o the past in the theatre

este es un vino punto y aparte — this is an uncommonly good o exceptional wine

punto y coma — semicolon

punto y seguido — [en dictado] full stop (no new paragraph), period (no new paragraph) (EEUU)

3) (Dep) point

con ocho puntos a favor y tres en contra — with eight points for and three against

los dos están empatados a puntos — the two of them are level on points

ganar o vencer por puntos — to win on points

perdieron por tres puntos — they lost by three points

completó la ronda con cero puntos — she had a clear round

- perder muchos puntos

¡qué punto te has marcado con lo que has dicho! — * what you said was spot-on *

4) (=tema) [gen] point; [en programa de actividades] item

no quiero extenderme sobre ese punto — I don't wish to elaborate on that point

los puntos en el orden del día son... — the items on the agenda are...

contestar punto por punto — to answer point by point

punto capital — crucial point

puntos a tratar — matters to be discussed

puntos de consulta — terms of reference

5) (=labor) knitting; (=tejido) knitted fabric, knit

prendas de punto — knitwear sing

falda de punto — knitted skirt

chaqueta de punto — cardigan

• hacer punto — to knit

punto del derecho — plain knitting

punto del revés — purl

punto de media — plain knitting

6) (Cos, Med) (=puntada) stitch; [de media] loose stitch

me tuvieron que dar cinco puntos — I had to have five stitches

me van a quitar los puntos — I am having my stitches out

- ¡punto en boca!

punto de costado — (=dolor) stitch

tengo un punto de costado — I've got a stitch, I've got a pain in my side

punto de cruz — cross stitch

punto de sutura — stitch

7) (=lugar) [gen] spot, place; (Geog, Mat) point; [de proceso] point, stage; [en el tiempo] point, moment

al llegar a este punto — at this point o stage

punto cardinal — cardinal point

los cuatro puntos cardinales — the four points of the compass

punto ciego — (Anat) blind spot

punto clave — key point

el punto clave de su razonamiento — the key point of her argument

punto crítico — critical point

punto culminante — high point

llegar a su punto culminante — to reach its climax

punto de asistencia — (Aut) checkpoint

punto débil — weak point o spot

punto de calor — heat source

punto de congelación — freezing point

punto de contacto — point of contact

punto de control — checkpoint

punto de ebullición — boiling-point

punto de encuentro — meeting point

punto de equilibrio — (Com) break-even point

punto de fuga — vanishing point

punto de fusión — melting-point

punto de inflamación — flashpoint

punto de información — information centre

punto de mira — [de rifle] sight; (=objetivo) aim, objective; (=punto de vista) point of view

estar en el punto de mira de algn —

su comportamiento está en el punto de mira de la prensa — his behaviour has come under scrutiny in the press

el fraude fiscal está en el punto de mira de Hacienda — the Treasury has targeted tax evasion

Tokio está en el punto de mira de sus misiles — their missiles are pointing towards Tokyo

punto de inflexión — turning point

punto de no retorno — point of no return

punto de partida — starting point

punto de penalti — penalty spot

punto de referencia — point of reference

punto de taxis — taxi stand, cab rank

punto de venta — point of sale

terminales punto de venta — point of sale terminals

está presente en 3.000 puntos de venta — it's available at 3,000 outlets

punto de vista — point of view, viewpoint

él lo mira desde otro punto de vista — he sees it differently, he looks at it from another point of view

punto flaco — weak point, weak spot

punto muerto — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear); (=estancamiento) deadlock, stalemate

las negociaciones están en un punto muerto — the negotiations are deadlocked, the talks have reached a stalemate

punto negro — (Aut) (accident) black spot; (fig) blemish

punto neurálgico — (Anat) nerve centre o (EEUU) center; (fig) key point

punto neutro — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear)

8) [otras locuciones]

• a punto — ready

está a punto — it's ready

con sus cámaras a punto para disparar — with their cameras at the ready

llegar a punto — to come just at the right moment

poner un motor a punto — to tune an engine

• al punto — at once, immediately

estar al punto — LAm * to be high **

• bajar de punto — to decline, fall off, fall away

• a punto de, a punto de caramelo — caramelized

poner el azúcar a punto de caramelo — to caramelize the sugar

batir las claras a punto de nieve — beat the egg whites until stiff o until they form stiff peaks

estar a punto de hacer algo — to be on the point of doing sth, be about to do sth

estábamos a punto de salir cuando llamaste — we were about to go out when you phoned

estuve a punto de llamarte — I almost called you

estaba a punto de llorar — he was on the verge of tears

estuve a punto de perder el tren — I very nearly missed the train

• en punto, a las siete en punto — at seven o'clock sharp o on the dot

llegó en punto — he arrived right on time

• en su punto — [carne] done to a turn; [fruta] just ripe

el arroz está en su punto — the rice is just right

pongamos las cosas en su punto — let's be absolutely clear about this

• hasta cierto punto — up to a point, to some extent

hasta tal punto que... — to such an extent that...

la tensión había llegado hasta tal punto que... — the tension had reached such a pitch that...

• subir de punto — (=aumentar) to grow, increase; (=empeorar) to get worse

- coger o ligar o pillar un buen punto

- cogerle o pillarle el punto a algn

darle el punto a algn ** —

si me da el punto, voy — if I feel like it, I'll go

si le da el punto es capaz de cualquier cosa — if he gets it into his head he can do anything

- saber algo a punto fijo

- de todo punto

9) Esp * (=hombre) guy *; pey rogue

¡vaya un punto!, ¡está hecho un punto filipino! — he's a right rogue! *

10) (=agujero) hole

darse dos puntos en el cinturón — to let one's belt out a couple of holes

11) (Inform) pixel

punto de parada — break-point

punto de referencia — benchmark

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (señal, trazo) dot

un punto en el horizonte — a dot o speck on the horizon

b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)

a punto fijo — exactly, for certain

... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I

- punto decimal

- punto final

- puntos suspensivos

- punto y aparte

- punto y coma

- punto y seguido

2)

a) (momento, lugar) point

en ese punto de la conversación — at that point in the conversation

busca un local en un punto céntrico — he's looking for premises somewhere central

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente — the spot o place where the accident happened

b) ( en geometría) point

- punto álgido

- punto cardinal

- punto culminante

- punto de apoyo

- punto débil

- punto de caramelo

- punto de congelación/ebullición/fusión

- punto de mira

- punto de nieve

- punto de partida

- punto de penalty or penalti

- punto de referencia

- punto de venta

- punto de vista

- punto fijo

- punto flaco/fuerte

- punto muerto

- punto neurálgico

3) ( grado) point, extent

hasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point

hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...

4) (asunto, aspecto) point

los puntos a tratar en la reunión — the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting

analizar algo punto por punto — to analyze something point by point

5) (en locs)

a punto — ( a tiempo) just in time

a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally

6)

a) (en costura, labores) stitch

se me ha escapado un punto — I've dropped a stitch

artículos de punto — knitwear

hacer punto — (Esp) to knit

punto en boca — (fam)

tú punto en boca — keep your mouth shut

b) ( en cirugía) tb

punto de sutura — stitch

- punto cruz

- punto del derecho

- punto del revés

- punto elástico

7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) point

vencer por puntos — to win on points

tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody

- punto para partido/set

8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiot

agarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)

lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride

la profesora me ha agarrado de punto — the teacher has it in for me (colloq)

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (señal, trazo) dot

un punto en el horizonte — a dot o speck on the horizon

b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)

a punto fijo — exactly, for certain

... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I

- punto decimal

- punto final

- puntos suspensivos

- punto y aparte

- punto y coma

- punto y seguido

2)

a) (momento, lugar) point

en ese punto de la conversación — at that point in the conversation

busca un local en un punto céntrico — he's looking for premises somewhere central

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente — the spot o place where the accident happened

b) ( en geometría) point

- punto álgido

- punto cardinal

- punto culminante

- punto de apoyo

- punto débil

- punto de caramelo

- punto de congelación/ebullición/fusión

- punto de mira

- punto de nieve

- punto de partida

- punto de penalty or penalti

- punto de referencia

- punto de venta

- punto de vista

- punto fijo

- punto flaco/fuerte

- punto muerto

- punto neurálgico

3) ( grado) point, extent

hasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point

hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...

4) (asunto, aspecto) point

los puntos a tratar en la reunión — the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting

analizar algo punto por punto — to analyze something point by point

5) (en locs)

a punto — ( a tiempo) just in time

a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally

6)

a) (en costura, labores) stitch

se me ha escapado un punto — I've dropped a stitch

artículos de punto — knitwear

hacer punto — (Esp) to knit

punto en boca — (fam)

tú punto en boca — keep your mouth shut

b) ( en cirugía) tb

punto de sutura — stitch

- punto cruz

- punto del derecho

- punto del revés

- punto elástico

7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) point

vencer por puntos — to win on points

tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody

- punto para partido/set

8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiot

agarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)

lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride

la profesora me ha agarrado de punto — the teacher has it in for me (colloq)

* * *

punto¹

¹ = point, pointer.

Ex: Parts of the abstract are written in the informative style, whilst those points which are of less significance are treated indicatively.

Ex: Seven pointers follow which are useful for discriminating between documents to be abstracted and those not worth abstracting.

* aclarar un punto = clarify + point.

* adoptar un punto de vista = embrace + view.

* analizar desde un punto de vista crítico = cast + a critical eye over.

* argumento que presenta los dos puntos de vista = two-sided argument.

* argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.

* comprender un punto de vista = take + point.

* desde cualquier punto de vista = by any standard(s).

* desde el punto de vista de la nutrición = in terms of, from the vantage of, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, mitotically, nutritionally speaking, nutritionally.

* desde el punto de vista del trabajador = in the trenches.

* desde el punto de vista de la archivística = archivally.

* desde el punto de vista de la calidad = on quality grounds.

* desde el punto de vista de la competitividad = competitively.

* desde el punto de vista de la conservación = preservationally.

* desde el punto de vista de la funcionalidad = functionally.

* desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.

* desde el punto de vista de la logística = logistically.

* desde el punto de vista de la medicina = medically.

* desde el punto de vista de la música = musically.

* desde el punto de vista de la notación = notationally.

* desde el punto de vista de la química = chemically.

* desde el punto de vista de la realidad = factually.

* desde el punto de vista de las matemáticas = mathematically.

* desde el punto de vista de la tonalidad = tonally.

* desde el punto de vista del contexto = contextually.

* desde el punto de vista del estilo = stylistically.

* desde el punto de vista del funcionamiento = operationally.

* desde el punto de vista del + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.

* desde el punto de vista de los hechos = factually.

* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.

* desde el punto de vista de + Nombre = in + Nombre + eyes.

* desde el punto de vista judicial = judicially.

* desde el punto de vista lingüístico = linguistically.

* desde el punto de vista político = politically.

* desde el punto de vista profesional = career-wise [careerwise].

* desde este punto de vista = viewed in this light.

* desde mi punto de vista = in my opinion, in my view, in my books.

* desde + punto de vista = against + backdrop.

* desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.

* desde un punto de vista académico = academically.

* desde un punto de vista antropológico = anthropologically.

* desde un punto de vista clínico = medically, clinically.

* desde un punto de vista crítico = judgmentally [judgementally], with a critical eye, critically.

* desde un punto de vista cultural = culturally.

* desde un punto de vista económico = economically, monetarily.

* desde un punto de vista estético = aesthetically [esthetically, -USA].

* desde un punto de vista estrictamente técnico = technically speaking.

* desde un punto de vista étnico = ethnically.

* desde un punto de vista filosófico = philosophically.

* desde un punto de vista general = in a broad sense.

* desde un punto de vista histórico = historically.

* desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.

* desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.

* desde un punto de vista médico = medically.

* desde un punto de vista medioambiental = environmentally.

* desde un punto de vista morfológico = morphologically.

* desde un punto de vista operativo = operationally.

* desde un punto de vista racista = racially + Adjetivo.

* desde un punto de vista religioso = religiously.

* desde un punto de vista socioeconómico = socioeconomically.

* desde un punto de vista técnico = technically.

* fiel desde el punto de vista de la historia = historically accurate.

* manifestar un punto de vista = air + view.

* mencionar un punto = touch on + a point.

* mi punto de vista = in my view.

* neutral desde el punto de vista de la raza = race-neutral.

* no concebirse desde ningún punto de vista = be impossible under any hypothesis.

* probar un punto = prove + point.

* promover un punto de vista = promote + view.

* punto a favor = asset.

* punto conflictivo = hot spot.

* punto de la agenda = agenda item.

* punto del orden del día = agenda item.

* punto de una agenda = item of business.

* punto de vista = angle, point of view, side, stance, standpoint, view, viewpoint, outlook, eye, world view [worldview/world-view], bent of mind.

* punto principal = main point.

* puntos a favor y puntos en contra = pros and cons.

* puntos comunes = common ground.

* puntos principales = key issues.

* puntos secundarios = secondary points.

* que consta de tres puntos = three-point.

* sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.

* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = contemplate + view.

* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint.

* tocar un punto = touch on + a point.

* ver Algo desde el punto de vista + Adjetivo = view + Nombre + through + Adjetivo + eyes.

punto²

² = bullet point.

Ex: Readers like bullet points because they are visually appealing and make it easy to quickly find pertinent information.

* alcanzar el punto crítico = come to + a head.

* alcanzar el punto culminante = climax.

* alcanzar el punto más álgido = peak, come into + full bloom.

* alcanzar + Posesivo + punto álgido = reach + Posesivo + peak.

* a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.

* a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.

* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.

* a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.

* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.

* encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.

* en qué punto = at what point.

* en su punto = ripe [riper -comp., ripest -sup.].

* en su punto más álgido = at its height.

* en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en un punto bajo = at a low ebb.

* estar a punto de = be poised to, be about to, be on the point of, stand + poised, come + very close to.

* estar a punto de cascarlas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.

* estar a punto de decir = be on the tip of + Posesivo + tongue to say.

* estar a punto de + Infinitivo = be about + Infinitivo.

* fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.

* hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.

* hasta el punto de = to the point of, up to the point of.

* hasta el punto que = up to the point where, to the point where.

* hasta qué punto = how far, the extent to which, to what extent.

* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.

* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.

* hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.

* las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.

* llegado este punto = at this juncture.

* llegado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.

* llegar al punto álgido = reach + a head.

* llegar al punto crítico = come to + a head.

* llegar al punto de = be at the point of.

* llegar al punto de + Infinitivo = go + (as/so) far as + Infinitivo.

* llegar a un punto crítico = reach + turning point.

* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.

* pasado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.

* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.

* primer punto de contacto = port of first call.

* primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.

* puesta a punto = fine tuning [fine-tuning], tuning, tune-up.

* punto álgido = peak.

* punto a punto = point-to-point.

* punto central = focal point.

* punto ciego = blind spot.

* punto clave = key point, watershed, tipping point.

* punto crítico = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.

* punto culminante = zenith, climax, peak, capstone.

* punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.

* punto de apoyo = foothold.

* punto débil = downside, weak point, weak link.

* punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.

* punto débl = blind spot.

* punto de contacto = point of contact, interface, contact point.

* punto de convergencia = junction point, similarity.

* punto de discusión = bone of contention.

* punto de distribución = outlet.

* punto de divergencia = stepping-off point.

* punto de división = break.

* punto de encuentro = meeting point.

* punto de entrada = entry point, entrance point, point of entry.

* punto de equilibrio = break-even, break-even point.

* punto de información = information kiosk.

* punto de interés = point of interest.

* punto de llegada = point of arrival.

* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.

* punto de partida = point of departure, starting point, take-off point, baseline [base line], beginning point.

* punto de penalti, el = penalty mark, the.

* punto de recepción y envío = shipping point.

* punto de recogida = pick-up point, drop-off point.

* punto de referencia = benchmark, frame of reference, signpost, signposting, point of reference, anchor, anchor point, referral point, switching point, reference point, reference point.

* punto de referencia común = common framework.

* punto de ruptura = breaking point.

* punto de separación = cut-off point, stepping-off point, cut off [cutoff].

* punto de servicio = service point.

* punto de una lista = bullet point.

* punto de venta = outlet, point of sale.

* punto esencial = essential point.

* punto final = end point [endpoint].

* punto flaco = foible, weak point, blind spot, weak link.

* punto flaco, el = chink in the armour, the.

* punto fuerte = strength, upside, forte, strong point.

* punto g, el = G-spot, the.

* punto intermedio = middle ground.

* punto medio = happy medium, mid-point.

* punto muerto = dead end, impasse, stalemate, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.

* punto negro = blackhead.

* punto positivo = asset.

* puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.

* punto silla = saddle point.

* ser el punto de partida de = form + the basis of.

* ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* servir de punto de partida = point + the way to.

* tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.

* volver al punto de partida = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

punto³

³ = dot, full stop (.), period, stop.

Ex: Braille is the term used to refer to material intended for the visually impaired and using embossed characters formed by raised dots in six-dot cells.

Ex: You have observed the correct use of the facet indicators. (full stop) for S and ' (single inverted comma) for T.

Ex: For instance, to delete the period where the cursor is located, press the < Del> key.

Ex: Such as categorisation may depend rather arbitrarily upon whether stops have been used between letters or not.

* arco de medio punto = round arch.

* arco de punto rebajado = segmental arch.

* dos puntos (:) = colon (:).

* dpi (puntos por pulgada) = dpi (dots per inch).

* en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.

* en + Posesivo + punto de mira = in + Posesivo + sights.

* línea de puntos = dotted line.

* matriz de puntos de impacto = impact dot matrix.

* nube de puntos = scatterplot, cloud of points.

* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.

* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.

* punto (.) = point (.).

* puntos por pulgada = dots per inch.

* punto y coma (;) = semi-colon (;).

* subrayar con puntos = underdot.

punto⁴

⁴ = point.

Ex: Taking 197 as the base year, the price index of journals for an academic veterinary library has risen 143.00 points, an annual average of 15.89 points through 1986.

* alcanzar el punto de ebullición = reach + boiling point.

* punto de ebullición = boiling point.

* punto de fundición = melting point.

* punto de fusión = melting point, fusion point.

* punto de saturación = saturation point.

* punto porcentual = percentage point.

* sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.

punto⁵

⁵ = stitch.

Ex: It may be seen that one or more pairs of leaves, joined to each other at the back, are held in place by a double stitch of thread running up the fold.

* aguja de hacer punto = knitting needle.

* géneros de punto = knitwear.

* hacer punto = knitting.

* patrón de hacer punto = knitting pattern.

* ¡punto en boca! = mum's the word!.

* ¡punto en boca! = not a word to anyone!, shut your mouth!, shut your face!.

* * *

punto

masculine

A

1 (señal, trazo) dot

desde el avión la ciudad se veía como un conjunto de puntos luminosos from the plane the city looked like a cluster of pinpoints of light o of bright dots

el barco no era más que un punto en el horizonte the boat was no more than a dot o speck on the horizon

2 ( Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; (signo de puntuación) period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE)

a punto fijo exactly, for certain

no le sabría decir a punto fijo cuándo llegan I couldn't tell you exactly o for certain when they will be arriving

… y punto: si te parece mal se lo dices y punto if you don't like it you just tell him, that's all there is to it

lo harás como yo digo y punto you'll do it the way I tell you and that's that, you'll do it the way I tell you, period ( AmE) o ( BrE) full stop

poner los puntos sobre las íes (dejar algo en claro) to make sth crystal clear; (terminar algo con mucho cuidado) to dot the i's and cross the t's

sin faltar un punto ni una coma down to the last detail

dos¹ (↑ dos (1))

Compuestos:

● punto decimal

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] decimal point

● punto final

period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE)

poner punto final a algo to end sth

decidió poner punto final a sus relaciones he decided to end their relationship

● puntos suspensivos

mpl ellipsis ( tech), suspension points (pl) ( AmE), dot, dot, dot

● punto y aparte

period, new paragraph ( AmE), full stop, new paragraph ( BrE)

● punto y coma

semicolon

● punto y seguido

period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE) ( no new paragraph)

B

1 (momento) point

en ese punto de la conversación at that point in the conversation

su popularidad alcanzó su punto más bajo his popularity reached its lowest ebb o point

2 (lugar) point; (en geometría) point

fijó la mirada en un punto lejano del horizonte she fixed her gaze on a distant point on the horizon

están buscando un local en un punto céntrico they are looking for premises somewhere central

en el punto en que la carretera se divide at the point where the road divides

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened

Compuestos:

● punto aéreo

( Esp) ( Aviac) air mile

● punto álgido

crucial moment o point

● punto cardinal

cardinal point

● punto ciego

blind spot

● punto crítico

critical point

● punto culminante

high point

● punto de apoyo

(para una palanca) fulcrum

no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder

constituía el punto de apoyo de su defensa it formed the cornerstone of his defense

● punto de arranque

punto de partida

● punto débil

weak point

● punto de caramelo

a punto de caramelo ‹almíbar› caramelized

(en su mejor momento) ( fam): este queso está a punto de caramelo this cheese is just right (for eating)

yo no lo encuentro viejo, para mí está a punto de caramelo I don't think he's old, if you ask me he's in his prime o he's just right

la situación está a punto de caramelo para otro golpe militar the situation is ripe for another military coup

● punto de congelación

freezing point

● punto de contacto

point of contact

el movimiento tiene muchos puntos de contacto con el surrealismo the movement has a lot in common with surrealism

● punto de control

checkpoint

● punto de ebullición

boiling point

● punto de fuga

vanishing point

● punto de fusión

melting point

● punto de inflexión

point of inflexion ( on a curve)

● punto de interrupción

( Inf) breakpoint

● punto de libro

( Esp) bookmark

● punto de mira

(de un rifle) front sight; (blanco) target; (objetivo) aim, objective; (punto de vista) point of view

● punto de nieve

batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks

● punto de no retorno

point of no return

● punto de partida

(sitio) starting point; (de un proceso, razonamiento) starting point

esta dramática escalada tiene un claro punto de partida en los sucesos del mes pasado this dramatic escalation clearly has its origins in the events of last month

● punto de penalty or penalti

penalty spot

● punto de referencia

reference point

● punto de reunión

meeting place, assembly point

● punto de turrón

( Méx) punto de nieve

● punto de venta

point of sale, outlet, sales outlet

● punto único de venta

unique selling point

● punto de vista

(perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view; (opinión) views (pl)

desde un punto de vista técnico from a technical viewpoint, from a technical point of view

todos conocen mi punto de vista sobre este asunto you all know my views on this matter

● punto fijo

( Chi) (lugar) permanent or semi-permanent guard post; (vigilante) guard

está en punto fijo toda la noche he is on guard duty all night

● punto flaco

weak point

● punto medio

habrá que esperar a que las cosas lleguen a su punto medio we'll have to wait until things sort themselves out

hay que buscar el punto medio entre las dos cosas you have to strike a balance between the two things

● punto muerto

( Auto) neutral; ( Fin) break even point; (en negociaciones) deadlock

las conversaciones han llegado a un punto muerto the talks have reached deadlock o stalemate

el proceso está en punto muerto the process is deadlocked

● punto negro

(en la carretera) black spot; (en la piel) blackhead

● punto neurálgico

( Anat) nerve center*; (de una organización, un sistema) nerve center*

un accidente en uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la ciudad an accident at one of the busiest spots o points in the city

uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la economía one of the key elements of the economy

C (grado) point, extent

hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point

hasta cierto punto me alegro de que se vaya to a certain extent o in a way I'm glad she's going

claro que fue atento y amable, hasta tal punto que llegó a resultarnos pesado of course he was attentive and kind, so much so that it got a bit much for us

D (asunto, aspecto) point

en ese punto no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you on that point

los puntos a tratar en la reunión de hoy the matters o items on the agenda for today's meeting

hay algunos puntos de coincidencia entre los dos enfoques the two approaches have some points in common

analizamos la propuesta punto por punto we analyzed the proposal point by point

E ( en locs):

a punto (a tiempo) just in time

( Coc) en su punto

has llegado a punto para ayudarme you've arrived just in time to help me

a punto DE + INF:

estábamos a punto de cenar cuando llamaste we were about to have dinner when you phoned

estuvo a punto de matarse en el accidente he was nearly killed in the accident, he came within an inch of being killed in the accident

estaba a punto de decírmelo cuando tú entraste she was on the point of telling me o she was about to tell me when you came in

se notaba que estaba a punto de llorar you could see she was on the verge of tears

en su punto just right

el arroz está en su punto the rice is just right

la carne estaba en su punto the meat was done to a turn

al punto ( Esp); right away, at once, straightaway ( BrE)

en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp

son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock

llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time, they arrived on the dot o dead on time ( colloq)

de todo punto absolutely, totally

eso es de todo punto inaceptable that is totally o completely unacceptable

se negaba de todo punto a hacerlo she absolutely o flatly refused to do it

F

1 (en costura) stitch

punto en boca ( fam): y ya saben, diga lo que diga él, nosotros punto en boca and remember, whatever he says, we keep our mouths shut

2 (en cirugía) tb

punto de sutura stitch

le tuvieron que poner puntos she had to have stitches

3 (en labores) stitch

se me ha escapado un punto I've dropped a stitch

artículos de punto knitwear

hacer punto ( Esp); to knit

Compuestos:

● punto atrás

backstitch

● punto cadena

chain stitch

● punto cruzado

herringbone stitch

● punto (de) cruz

cross-stitch

● punto de escapulario

herringbone stitch

● punto del derecho

plain stitch

● punto del revés

purl stitch

● punto de media

stocking stitch

● punto elástico

rib, ribbing

● punto jersey

stocking stitch

● punto Santa Clara

garter stitch

● punto sombra

shadow stitch

G

1 (unidad) ( Dep, Jueg) point; ( Educ) point, mark

venció por puntos he won on points

tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

pierdes dos puntos por cada falta de ortografía you lose two marks o points for every spelling mistake

anotarse/marcarse un punto ( fam): la paella está exquisita, te has anotado un punto ten out of ten o ( BrE) full marks for the paella, it's delicious

matarle el punto a algn (CS fam); to go one better than sb

subir de punto «ira/admiración» to grow;

«discusión» to heat up, grow heated

2 ( Fin) point

Compuestos:

● punto de or para partido

match point

● punto de ruptura

break point

● punto de or para set

set point

● punto porcentual

percentage point

H

(poco, pizca): es orgulloso, con un punto de bravuconería he's proud, with just a touch o hint of boastfulness about him

I

1 (Per, RPl arg) (tonto) idiot

agarrar or tomar a algn de punto (Per, RPl arg): lo han agarrado de punto (burlándose de él) they've made him the butt of their jokes; (aprovechándose de él) they've taken him for a ride ( colloq)

la profesora me ha agarrado de punto the teacher has it in for me ( colloq)

2 ( RPl arg) (tipo) guy ( colloq)

* * *

punto sustantivo masculino
1
a) (señal, marca) dot

b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot;

( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
◊ punto decimal decimal point ;

punto final period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
puntos suspensivos ellipsis (tech), suspension points (pl) (AmE), dot, dot, dot;
punto y aparte period (AmE) o (BrE) full stop, new paragraph;
punto y coma semicolon;
punto com (Com, Inf) dot.com;
a punto fijo exactly, for certain;
… y punto … and that's that, … period (AmE);
See Also→ dos
2
a) (momento, lugar) point;

◊ en ese punto de la conversación at that point in the conversation;

el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened;
punto cardinal cardinal point ;
punto ciego blind spot;
punto de apoyo ( de palanca) fulcrum;
no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder;
punto de vista ( perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view;

( opinión) views;
◊ punto flaco/fuerte weak/strong point;

punto muerto (Auto) neutral;

( en negociaciones) deadlock
b) ( en geometría) point

3 ( grado) point, extent;
◊ hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point;

hasta tal punto que … so much so that …
4 (asunto, aspecto) point;
◊ analizar algo punto por punto to analyze sth point by point;

los puntos a tratar en la reunión the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting
5 ( en locs)
◊ a punto ( a tiempo) just in time;

estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner;
estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over;
batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks;
en su punto just right;
en punto: a las 12 en punto at 12 o'clock sharp;
son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock;
llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time
6
a) (en costura, labores) stitch;

◊ artículos de punto knitwear;

hacer punto (Esp) to knit;
punto (de) cruz cross-stitch
b) ( en cirugía) tb

◊ punto de sutura stitch

7 ( unidad)
a) Dep, Jueg) point;

◊ punto para partido/set (Méx) match/set point

b) (Educ) point, mark;

(Fin) point
punto sustantivo masculino
1 point
punto de vista, point of view
punto flaco, weak point
punto muerto, (situación sin salida) deadlock, Auto neutral
2 (lugar) place, point: está perdido en algún punto de Marruecos, it's way out somewhere in Morocco
3 (pintado, dibujado) dot
línea de puntos, dotted line
4 (en una competición) point: le dieron tres puntos a Irlanda, Ireland scored three points
5 (en un examen) mark: la pregunta vale dos puntos, the question is worth two marks
6 Cost Med stitch: se le infectó un punto, one of the stitches became infected
7 (grado, medida) point: hasta cierto punto, to a certain extent
8 Ling full stop
dos puntos, colon
punto y aparte, full stop, new paragraph
punto y coma, semicolon
puntos suspensivos, dots
♦ Locuciones: hacer punto, to knit
a punto, ready
a punto de, on the point of
en punto, sharp, on the dot: a las seis en punto, at six o'clock sharp
Culin en su punto, just right
' punto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
álgida
- álgido
- aparte
- borde
- cadeneta
- caer
- caramelo
- cardinal
- cerca
- cierta
- cierto
- coincidir
- coma
- concretar
- culminante
- cúspide
- débil
- desde
- distanciarse
- ebullición
- Ecuador
- este
- extrema
- extremo
- flaca
- flaco
- fuerte
- luminosa
- luminoso
- mareada
- mareado
- media
- medio
- muerta
- muerto
- nivel
- novedosa
- novedoso
- para
- puesta
- referencia
- regresar
- relativamente
- respetable
- sazón
- sesgar
- talón
- tanta
- tanto
- tomate
English:
about
- angle
- aspect
- bankrupt
- benchmark
- blackhead
- boiling point
- cardigan
- certain
- chink
- circle
- climax
- close
- cluster
- coast
- conclude
- contention
- cottage industry
- crop up
- cross-stitch
- crossroads
- crunch
- culmination
- cut-off
- deadlock
- degree
- dot
- essential
- extent
- eye
- failing
- feature
- focal point
- follow through
- foothold
- forthcoming
- freezing point
- full stop
- head
- height
- high
- impasse
- interface
- item
- just
- knit
- knitting
- knitting needle
- knitwear
- labour

* * *

punto

♦ nm

1. [marca] dot, spot;
[en geometría] point;
recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line

Comp
punto de fuga vanishing point
2. [signo ortográfico] [al final de frase] Br full stop, US period;
[sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico] dot;
dos puntos colon;
Fam
no vas a ir, y punto you're not going, and that's that;

Comp

poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot the i's and cross the t's

Comp
Bol, Perú punto acápite semicolon;
punto y aparte Br full stop o US period, new paragraph;

punto y coma semicolon;

punto final Br full stop, US period;

Comp

poner punto final a algo to bring sth to an end;

punto y seguido Br full stop, US period [no new paragraph];

puntos suspensivos suspension points

3. [unidad] [en juegos, competiciones, exámenes, bolsa] point;

ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points;

ganar por puntos [en boxeo] to win on points;

el índice Dow Jones ha subido seis puntos the Dow Jones index is up six points;

los tipos de interés bajarán un punto interest rates will go down by one (percentage) point

Comp
punto de break break point;
punto de juego game point;

punto de partido match point;

punto porcentual percentage point;

punto de set set point

4. [asunto, parte] point;

pasemos al siguiente punto let's move on to the next point;

te lo explicaré punto por punto I'll explain it to you point by point;

tenemos los siguientes puntos a tratar we have the following items on the agenda

Comp
punto débil weak point;
punto fuerte strong point

5. [lugar] spot, place;

éste es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened;

hay retenciones en varios puntos de la provincia there are delays at several different points across the province

Comp
punto de apoyo [en palanca] fulcrum; Ling punto de articulación point of articulation;
los puntos cardinales the points of the compass, Espec the cardinal points;

punto ciego [en el ojo] blind spot;

punto de encuentro meeting point;
Dep punto fatídico penalty spot;
punto G g-spot;

punto de inflexión tipping point;

punto de mira [en armas] sight;

Comp

está en mi punto de mira [es mi objetivo] I have it in my sights;

punto negro [en la piel] blackhead;
[en carretera] accident Br blackspot o US hot spot;
punto neurálgico [de ser vivo, organismo] nerve centre;

la plaza mayor es el punto neurálgico de la ciudad the main square is the town's busiest crossroads;

éste es el punto neurálgico de la negociación this is the central issue at stake in the negotiations;

punto de partida starting point;

punto de penalti o penalty penalty spot;

punto de referencia point of reference;

punto de reunión meeting point;
Com punto de venta:
en el punto de venta at the point of sale;

tenemos puntos de venta en todo el país we have (sales) outlets across the country;

punto de venta autorizado authorized dealer;

punto de venta electrónico electronic point of sale;

punto de vista point of view, viewpoint;

bajo mi punto de vista… in my view…;

desde el punto de vista del dinero… in terms of money…

6. [momento] point, moment;

lo dejamos en este punto del debate y seguimos tras la publicidad we'll have to leave the discussion here for the moment, we'll be back after the break;

al punto at once, there and then;

en punto exactly, on the dot;

a las seis en punto at six o'clock on the dot, at six o'clock sharp;

son las seis en punto it's (exactly) six o'clock;

estar a punto to be ready;

estuve a punto de cancelar el viaje I was on the point of cancelling the trip;

estamos a punto de firmar un importante contrato we are on the verge o point of signing an important contract;

estaba a punto de salir cuando… I was about to leave when…;

estuvo a punto de morir ahogada she almost drowned;

llegar a punto (para hacer algo) to arrive just in time (to do sth)

Comp
punto crítico critical moment o point; [de reactor] critical point;
alcanzar el punto crítico [reactor] to go critical

7. [estado, fase] state, condition;

estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are;

llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…;

estar en su punto to be just right;

¿cómo quiere el filete? – a punto o [m5] al punto how would you like your steak? – medium, please;

poner a punto [motor] to tune;
Fig [sistema, método] to fine-tune
Comp
punto de congelación freezing point;
punto culminante high point;

punto de ebullición boiling point;

punto de fusión melting point;

punto muerto [en automóviles] neutral;
Fig [en negociaciones] deadlock;
estar en un punto muerto [negociaciones] to be deadlocked;

ir en punto muerto [automóvil] to freewheel;

punto de nieve: [m5] batir a punto de nieve to beat until stiff

8. [grado] degree;

de todo punto [completamente] absolutely;

hasta cierto punto to some extent, up to a point;

el ruido era infernal, hasta el punto de no oír nada o [m5] de que no se oía nada the noise was so bad that you couldn't hear a thing;

hasta tal punto que to such an extent that

9. [cláusula] clause

10. [puntada] [en costura, en cirugía] stitch;
[en unas medias] hole;
tienes o [m5] se te ha escapado un punto en el jersey you've pulled a stitch out of your jumper, you've got a loose stitch on your jumper;

le dieron diez puntos en la frente he had to have ten stitches to his forehead;

coger puntos to pick up stitches

Comp
punto atrás backstitch;
punto de cadeneta chain stitch;

punto de cruz cross-stitch;

punto del revés purl;
Med punto de sutura suture
11. [estilo de tejer] knitting;

un jersey de punto a knitted sweater;

prendas de punto knitwear;

hacer punto to knit

Comp
punto de ganchillo crochet
12. [pizca, toque] touch;

son comentarios un punto racistas they are somewhat racist remarks

13. Arquit
de medio punto [arco, bóveda] semicircular

14. Esp Fam [borrachera ligera]
cogerse/tener un punto to get/be merry

15. Esp Fam [reacción, estado de ánimo]
le dan unos puntos muy raros he can be really weird sometimes;

le dio el punto generoso he had a fit of generosity

16. Esp Fam [cosa estupenda]
¡qué punto! that's great o fantastic!

17. Comp
RP Fam
agarrar a alguien de punto to tease sb, Br to take the mickey out of sb

♦ punto com nf
[empresa] dotcom
* * *

punto

m

1 point;

punto por punto point by point;

ganar por puntos win on points

2 señal dot;

en punto on the dot;

a las tres en punto at three sharp, at three on the dot

3 signo de punctuación period, Br

full stop;

dos puntos colon;

punto y coma semicolon;

con puntos y comas fig in full detail;

poner punto final a algo fig end sth, put an end to sth;

y punto period;

poner los puntos sobre las íes fam make things crystal clear;

empresa punto.com dot.com (company)

4 en costura, sutura stitch;

hacer punto knit;

de punto knitted

5

:

a punto ( listo) ready; (a tiempo) in time llegar a punto para … arrive just in time to …;

estar a punto be ready;

estar a punto de be about to;

el arroz está en su punto the rice is ready;

poner a punto TÉC tune;

puesta a punto tune-up

6 alcance

:

hasta cierto punto up to a point;

hasta qué punto to what extent;

me pregunto hasta qué punto lo que dice es verdad o una exageración I wonder how much of what he says is true and how much is exaggeration;

hasta tal punto que to such an extent that

7

:

batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks

* * *

punto nm

1) : dot, point

2) : period (in punctuation)

3) : item, question

4) : spot, place

5) : moment, stage, degree

6) : point (in a score)

7) : stitch

8)

en punto : on the dot, sharp

a las dos en punto: at two o'clock sharp

9)

al punto : at once

10)

a punto fijo : exactly, certainly

11)

dos puntos : colon

12)

hasta cierto punto : up to a point

13)

punto decimal : decimal point

14)

punto de vista : point of view

15)

punto y coma : semicolon

16)

y punto : period

es el mejor que hay y punto: it's the best there is, period

17)

puntos cardinales : points of the compass

* * *

punto n

1. (en general) point

una victoria vale tres puntos a win is worth three points

el punto de partida the starting point

2. (señal) dot

la línea de puntos the dotted line

3. (lugar) spot / place

¿en qué punto de la ciudad? where exactly in the city?

4. (puntada) stitch

le dieron cuatro puntos he had four stitches

5. (signo ortográfico) full stop

se debe poner un punto cuando finaliza una frase you must put a full stop at the end of a sentence

a punto ready

tengo todo a punto I've got everything ready

a punto de (en general) about to (por poco) nearly

estoy a punto de salir I'm about to go out

estuvo a punto de caerse he nearly fell

de punto knitted

en punto exactly

estar en su punto to be just right

hacer punto to knit

punto y coma semicolon

punto débil weak point

punto de congelación freezing point

punto de ebullición boiling point

punto de vista point of view

Spanish-English dictionary > punto
19 de

prep.

1 of.

el coche de mi padre/mis padres my father's/parents' car

es de ella it's hers

la pata de la mesa the table leg

La casa de mi padre The house of my father [My father's house]

2 from (procedencia, distancia).

salir de casa to leave home

soy de Bilbao I'm from Bilbao

de la playa al apartamento hay 100 metros it's 100 meters from the beach to the apartment

3 (made) of (materia).

un vaso de plástico a plastic cup

un reloj de oro a gold watch

4 about (asunto).

hablábamos de ti we were talking about you

libros de historia history books

5 as.

trabaja de bombero he works as a fireman

6 from (time) (since).

trabaja de nueve a cinco she works from nine to five

de madrugada early in the morning

a las cuatro de la tarde at four in the afternoon

trabaja de noche y duerme de día he works at night and sleeps during the day

7 with (causa, modo).

morirse de hambre to die of hunger

llorar de alegría to cry with joy

de una patada with a kick

de una sola vez in one go

de tres en tres three at a time

8 if.

de ir a verte, sería este domingo if I do visit you, it'll be this Sunday

de no ser por ti, me hubiese hundido if it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't have made it

9 to.

Está ansiosa de obtener ese trabajo She is anxious to have that job.

f.

1 letter d.

2 SD, standard deviation.

3 ED, dose of erythema, erythema dose.

* * *

de

► nombre femenino

1 name of the letter d

————————

de

► preposición

1 (posesión, pertenencia) of

■ el libro de Juan Juan's book

■ el coche de mis padres my parents' car

■ el hermano de mi padre my father's brother

■ la mesa de mi habitación the table in my bedroom

2 (procedencia, origen) from

■ soy de Córdoba I'm from Córdoba

■ viene de Barcelona she comes from Barcelona

3 (descripción) with

■ la niña de ojos castaños the girl with dark eyes, the dark-eyed girl

■ el señor del abrigo azul the man in the blue coat

4 (tema) of, on, about

■ hablaron del tiempo they talked about the weather

5 (materia) made of, of

■ una mesa de madera a wooden table

■ un anillo de oro a gold ring

■ lo hicieron de plástico they made it out of plastic

6 (contenido) of

■ un vaso de agua a glass of water

7 (uso) for

■ aguja de calcetar knitting needle

■ gallo de pelea fighting cock

8 (oficio) by, as

■ trabaja de profesor he works as a teacher

■ es médico de profesión he's a doctor by profession

9 (modo) on, in, as

■ de pie standing up

■ estar de moda to be in fashion

10 (tiempo) at, by, in

■ de día by day, during the day

■ de noche at night

■ a las diez de la mañana at ten in the morning

11 (lugar) varias traducciones

■ la vecina de arriba our upstairs neighbour

■ el lavabo de abajo the downstairs toilet

■ la ventana de la derecha the window on the right

■ la puerta de la calle the street door

12 (precio) at

■ manzanas de dos euros el kilo apples at two euros a kilo

13 (medida) measuring

■ una botella de dos litros a two litre bottle

■ una mesa de un metro de ancho a metre-wide table

14 (causa) with, because of, of

■ llorar de alegría to cry with joy

■ morir de frío to die of cold

15 (agente) by

■ es una obra de Lope a play by Lope

16 (con superlativo) in, of

■ el mejor de España the best in Spain

■ el mayor de los tres the eldest of the three

17 (suposición) if

■ de haberlo dicho if he had told us

18 (en una aposición) of

■ la ciudad de Barcelona the city of Barcelona Table 1 NOTA See also del/Table 1

* * *

prep.

1) of

2) from

3) in, at

4) than

5) by

* * *

PREPOSITION

1) [relación] of

las calles de Madrid — the streets of Madrid

el alcalde de Valencia — the mayor of Valencia

cabo de Buena Esperanza — Cape of Good Hope

la ciudad de Madrid — the city of Madrid

en el mes de agosto — in the month of August

un libro de consulta — a reference book

un millón de euros — a million euros

la carretera de Valencia — the Valencia road, the road to Valencia

el interés del préstamo — the interest on the loan

la llave de mi cuarto — the key to my room

en el día de hoy — today

tuvieron la desgracia de perder el partido — they were unlucky enough to lose the match

ya era hora de que vinieses — it's about time you got here

el hecho de que yo no supiera nada — the fact that I didn't know anything about it

2) [pertenencia]

la casa de Isabel — Isabel's house

el coche de mi amigo — my friend's car

un familiar de mi vecina — a relative of my neighbour's

los coches de mis amigos — my friends' cars

el vestuario de las actrices — the actresses' dressing room

la señora de Pérez — Pérez's wife, Mrs Pérez

es de ellos — it's theirs

esa contestación es muy de ella — that answer is typical of her

3) [característica, material]

una cadena de oro — a gold chain

no es de oro — it's not gold

una puerta de cristal — a glass door

una cocina de gas — a gas cooker

este modelo es de electricidad — this model uses electricity, this is an electric model

ropa de buena calidad — good-quality clothes

un billete de primera clase — a first-class ticket

la niña de pelo largo — the girl with the long hair

ese tío del sombrero — that chap with o in the hat

pintado de rojo — painted red

lo tengo de varios colores distintos — I have it in several different colours

4) [contenido]

una caja de bombones — a box of chocolates

una copa de vino — [llena] a glass of wine; [vacía] a wine glass

una bolsita de té — a tea bag

estaba hecha un saco de nervios — she was a bundle of nerves

5) [origen, distancia, espacio temporal] from

soy de Galicia — I'm from Galicia

Julia no es de aquí — Julia is not from round here

los de Madrid son los mejores — the ones from Madrid are the best, the Madrid ones are the best

es de buena familia — he's from a good family

vuelo 507 (procedente) de Londres — flight 507 from London

vive a 20km de Madrid — she lives 20km from Madrid

aléjate del fuego — move away from the fire

marcó un gol a dos minutos del final del partido — he scored two minutes from the end of the match

el tren de Santiago — the Santiago train

el avión pasó a muy poca altura del suelo — the plane flew by at very low altitude

salir del cine — to come out of the cinema
de... a...
vivió de 1898 a 1937 — he lived from 1898 to 1937

de mi casa a la suya hay 5km — it is 5km from my house to his

de mayo a julio — from May to July

del 15 al 30 — from the 15th to the 30th

6) [causa]

murió de viejo — he died from old age

me dolían los pies de tanto andar — my feet were sore from all that walking

de puro cansado — out of sheer tiredness

no podía moverse de miedo — he was rigid with fear

estar loco de alegría — to be wild with joy

saltar de alegría — to jump for joy

7) [manera]

lo derribó de un solo puñetazo — he felled him with a single blow

se puso a mi lado de un salto — he jumped to my side

se lo bebió de un trago — he drank it all down in one go
de... en...
iban entrando de dos en dos — they came in two by two

bajó la escalera de tres en tres — he came down the stairs three at a time

de puerta en puerta — from door to door

8) (=respecto de)

estar mejor de salud — to be in better health, be better

es fuerte de brazos — he has strong arms

paralizado de las dos piernas — paralysed in both legs

es muy estrecho de hombros — he doesn't have very broad shoulders

9) [tema] about

un libro de biología — a biology book, a book on o about biology

hablaba de política — he was talking about politics

no sé nada de él — I don't know anything about him

una clase de francés — a French class

10) [uso]

máquina de coser — sewing machine

goma de mascar — chewing gum

11) [cantidad, medida, valor]

un chico de quince años — a fifteen-year-old boy

un viaje de dos días — a two-day journey

un embarazo de siete meses — a seven-month pregnancy

una moneda de 5 pesos — a 5-peso coin

tiene un metro de alto — it's a metre high

12) [con horas y fechas]

a las siete de la mañana — at seven o'clock in the morning, at seven a.m.

son las dos de la tarde — it's two o'clock in the afternoon, it's two p.m.

muy de mañana — very early in the morning

el 3 de mayo — 3 May ( leído May the third {o}2} the third of May)

13) [tiempo]

de día — during the day(time)

de noche — at night

de niño — as a child

de mayor voy a ser médico — when I grow up I'm going to be a doctor

14) [proporción]

tres de cada cuatro — three out of every four

15) [uso partitivo] of

uno de nosotros — one of us

comió un poco de pastel — she ate a bit of cake

¡había una de gente! — * there were loads of people there! *

16) [autoría] by

un libro de Cela — a book by Cela, a book of Cela's

las películas de Almodóvar — Almodóvar's films

17) [como complemento agente] by

fue amado de todos — he was loved by all

el rey entró seguido de su séquito — the king entered, followed by his entourage

tiene dos hijos de su primera mujer — he has two children by his first wife

18) [en aposición a sustantivos o adjetivos]

el bueno/pobre de Pedro — good/poor old Pedro

el imbécil de Fernández — that idiot Fernández

es un encanto de persona — he's a lovely person

19) [en comparaciones] than

es más difícil de lo que creía — it's more difficult than I thought

más/menos de siete — more/less than seven

más de 500 personas — more than o over 500 people

20) [con superlativos] in

el peor alumno de la clase — the worst pupil in the class

el más caro de la tienda/mundo — the most expensive in the shop/world

es el coche más caro del mercado — it's the dearest car on the market

21) + infin

un problema fácil de resolver — an easily solved problem

un libro agradable de leer — a nice book to read
ser de ({+ infin}8})
es de admirar su lealtad — his loyalty is admirable

es de esperar que recibamos una pronta respuesta — it is to be hoped that we receive a prompt reply

sería de desear que actualizaran su información — it would be desirable for them to update their information

22) [dependiente de formas verbales]

la acusaban de hipócrita — they accused her of being a hypocrite

colmar de elogios a algn — to shower praise on sb

se dio cuenta de que lo sabía — she realized (that) she knew it

de esto se deduce que... — from this it can be deduced that...

disfrutar de la vida — to enjoy life

¿qué esperabas de él? — what did you expect from him?

limpiar algo de polvo — to dust sth

llenar algo de algo — to fill sth with sth

se sirvió de sus amigos para salir de un mal trago — he turned to his friends to help him through a difficult patch

trabaja de camarero — he works as a waiter

lo uso de despensa — I use it as a pantry

vestido de azul — dressed in blue

23) [uso condicional] if

de ser posible — if possible

de haberlo sabido no habría venido — if I had known, I wouldn't have come

de resultar esto así — if this turns out to be true

de no ser así — if it were not so, were it not so

de no — LAm (=si no) otherwise

* * *
I
preposición

Sentido I

1) (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión)

la casa de mis padres/de la actriz — my parents'/the actress's house

el rey de Francia — the king of France

el cumpleaños de Luis — Luis's birthday

no es de él/de ella/de ellos — it isn't his/hers/theirs

su padre de usted — (frml) your father

es un amigo de mi hijo/de la familia — he's a friend of my son's/the family

un estudiante de quinto año — a fifth-year student

la correa del perro — the dog's leash

un avión de Mexair — a Mexair plane

la tapa de la cacerola — the saucepan lid

las calles de la capital — the streets of the capital

la subida de los precios — the rise in prices

al término de la reunión — at the end of the meeting

2)

a) ( introduciendo un nombre en aposición) of

la ciudad de Lima — the city of Lima

el aeropuerto de Barajas — Barajas airport

el mes de enero — the month of January

b) ( con apellidos)

[de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]

Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena — ≈Mrs Mónica Arocena

los señores de Díaz — (frml) Mr and Mrs Díaz

las señoritas de Paz — (frml) the Misses Paz (frml)

c) ( en exclamaciones)

pobre de él! — poor him!

ay de mí! — (liter) woe is me! (liter)

Sentido II

3) (expresando procedencia, origen, tiempo) from

volvía del banco — I was on my way back from the bank

es de Bogotá — she's/she comes from Bogotá

una carta de Julia — a letter from Julia

lo saqué de la biblioteca — I got it out of the library

lo recogió del suelo — she picked it up off the floor

un hijo de su primera mujer — a son by his first wife

al salir de la tienda — as he left the store

un amigo de la infancia — a childhood friend

la literatura de ese período — the literature of o from that period

de un día para otro — from one day to the next

de... a... — from... to...

de aquí a tu casa — from here to your house

de nueve a cinco — it's open from nine to five

4) (al especificar material, contenido, composición)

son de plástico — they're (made of) plastic

una mesa de caoba — a mahogany table

una inyección de morfina — an injection of morphine, a morphine injection

un curso de secretariado — a secretarial course

un vaso de agua — a glass of water

una colección de sellos — a stamp collection

un millón de dólares — a million dollars

5) (expresando causa, modo)

murió de viejo — he died of old age

verde de envidia — green with envy

estaba ronco de tanto gritar — he was hoarse from shouting so much

temblando de miedo — trembling with fear

de memoria — by heart

lo tumbó de un golpe — he knocked him down with one blow

de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — two at a time

de a poco/de a uno — (CS) little by little/one by one

Sentido III

6)

a) (introduciendo cualidades, características)

es de una paciencia increíble — he is incredibly patient

objetos de mucho valor — objects of great value

¿de qué color lo quiere? — what color do you want it?

tiene cara de aburrido — he looks bored

tienes cosas de niño — sometimes you act like a child

una botella de un litro — a liter bottle

un niño de tres meses — a three-month-old child

la chica de azul/del abrigo rojo — the girl in blue/in the red coat

un hombre de pelo largo — a man with long hair

b) ( refiriéndose a una etapa en la vida) as

de niño — as a o when he was a child

7) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad)

el cepillo de la ropa — the clothes brush

copas de vino — wine glasses

ropa de cama — bed clothes

dales algo de comer — give them something to eat

¿qué hay de postre? — what's for dessert?

8)

a) (al definir, especificar)

el botón de abajo — the bottom button

el vecino de al lado — the next-door neighbor

es muy bonita de cara — she has a pretty face

¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? — how are we doing for time?

tiene dos metros de ancho — it's two meters wide

es fácil/difícil de pronunciar — it's easy/difficult to pronounce

b) ( sentido partitivo) of

¿quién de ustedes fue? — which (one) of you was it?

se llevó uno de los míos — she took one of mine

el mayor de los Soto — the eldest of the Soto children

9) ( con sentido ponderativo)

lo encontré de viejo...! — he seemed so old!

qué de coches! — (fam) what a lot of cars!

10)

a) ( con cifras)

el número de estudiantes es de 480 — there are 480 students

pagan un interés del 15% — they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%

b) ( en comparaciones de cantidad) than

cuesta más de £100 — it costs more than o over £100

pesa menos de un kilo — it weighs less than o under a kilo

un número mayor/menor de 29 — a number over/under 29

c) ( con un superlativo)

es el más caro de todos — it's the most expensive one

la ciudad más grande del mundo — the biggest city in the world

11) ( refiriéndose a una parte del día)

duerme de día y trabaja de noche — she sleeps during the day and works at night

salieron de madrugada — they left very early in the morning

12) ( en calidad de) as

trabaja de secretaria — she works as a secretary

hace de rey en la obra — he plays (the part of) a king in the play

13) (en expresiones de estado, actividad)

de mal humor — in a bad mood

estamos de limpieza general/fiesta — we're spring-cleaning/having a party

14) ( en oraciones pasivas) by

una novela de Goytisolo — a novel by Goytisolo

una casa rodeada de árboles — a house surrounded by trees

Sentido IV

15) ( con sentido condicional)

a)

de + inf: de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known o had I known, I would have come earlier; de no ser así no será considerada — otherwise it will not be considered

b)

ser de + inf — (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad)

es de esperar que... — it is to be hoped that...

es de destacar su actuación — her performance is worthy of note
II
femenino: name of the letter d

* * *

= across, in respect for, of, off, out of, from, featuring.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation, that is, the writer of a text, the illustrator in respect for illustrations and others responsible for the intellectual content of a work.

Ex. These institutes brought together some of the most influential people in the field.

Ex. Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.

Ex. However, out of the enormous abundance of information produced, only 50% is new while the rest is redundant.

Ex. From the analysis of some 5760 questions, Wilkinson and Miller developed a 'step approach' to differentiate reference questions according to how many judgmental steps were required to answer them.

Ex. The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.

----

* abogado de oficio = legal aid.

* actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.

* alabanza de boquilla = lip service.

* alabar de boquilla = give + lip service.

* autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].

* cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.

* comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again.

* de... a = through.

* de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.

* de abolengo = well-born.

* de abordo = in-flight.

* de absorción = absorptive.

* de acá para allá = back and forth, to and fro.

* de acceso público = publicly accessible.

* de acceso rápido = fast-access.

* de acceso restringido = closed access.

* de acción = action-centered.

* de acompañante = in tow.

* de actitud = attitudinal.

* de actuación = for action.

* de actualidad = topical.

* de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.

* de acuerdo a = according to.

* de acuerdo con = according to, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, in + Posesivo + view, judging from.

* de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.

* de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.

* de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.

* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.

* de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.

* de acuerdo con + Nombre = going on + Nombre.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.

* de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + opinion, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de adaptación = adaptive.

* de †frica = African.

* de Africa occidental = West African.

* de agua = water-based.

* de aguas profundas = deep-sea.

* de ahí = therefrom.

* de ahí que = hence.

* de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.

* de Alaska = Alaskan.

* de Albania = Albanian.

* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcohol = spirit-based.

* de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.

* de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.

* de alguna otra forma = in any other way.

* de algún modo = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way.

* de algún modo + Adjetivo = otherwise + Adjetivo.

* de algún modo u otro = of some sort.

* de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.

* de algún tipo = of some description.

* de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.

* de alta alcurnia = well-born.

* de alta cuna = well-born.

* de alta densidad = high-density.

* de alta energía = high energy.

* de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.

* de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.

* de alta potencia = high power.

* de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.

* de alta productividad = high-performance.

* de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.

* de alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology.

* de alta tensión = heavy-current.

* de alta velocidad = high-speed.

* de alto abolengo = well-born.

* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.

* de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.

* de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.

* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.

* de alto voltaje = high-voltage.

* de altura = high, top-notch.

* de altura regulable = height-adjustable.

* de aluvión = alluvial.

* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.

* de antaño = of old, age-old, old-time, of yore, of olden days, of yesteryear, bygone, gone by.

* de antemano = in advance (of), beforehand.

* de antes de la guerra = pre-war [prewar].

* de antigua generación = low-end.

* de antiguo = from time immemorial.

* de apariencia = cosmetic.

* de apariencia engañosa = meretricious.

* de aplicación específica = special-purpose.

* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.

* de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.

* de apoyo = enabling, supportive.

* de aprovechamiento = exploitative.

* de aquel entonces = of that day.

* de aquí para allá = back and forth.

* de aquí te espero = tremendous, enormous, humongous [humungous], gianormous.

* de Arabia Saudí = Saudi Arabian.

* de archivo = archival, archive.

* de armas tomar = redoubtable.

* de arranque = bootable.

* de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.

* de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.

* de ascendencia + Adjetivo = of + Adjetivo + descent.

* de asesoramiento = consultative.

* de aspecto = looking.

* de aspecto antiguo = old-face.

* de aspecto complicado = complicated-looking.

* de aspecto delgado = lean-looking.

* de aspecto digno = dignified.

* de aspecto impresionante = impressive-looking.

* de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.

* de aspecto poco profesional = botched-up.

* de aspecto profesional = professional-looking.

* de aspecto ruinoso = run-down.

* de aspecto solemne = dignified.

* de atención básica = preattentive.

* de atención primaria = preattentive.

* de atrás = rear.

* de atrás para adelante = back and forth.

* de aupa = royal.

* de autodesprecio = self-deprecating.

* de autogestión = self-managing.

* de autoprotección = self-protective.

* de autosuficiencia = self-satisfied.

* de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].

* de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].

* de baja ralea = ignoble.

* de bajísima calidad = shoddy.

* de bajo consumo = low energy.

* de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.

* de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.

* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.

* de bajo precio = low-priced.

* de bajo riesgo = low-risk.

* de balde = for free.

* de barrio = neighbourhood-based.

* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].

* de bienvenida = salutatory.

* de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.

* de bodas = bridal.

* de Boole = Boolean.

* de bote en bote = packed to capacity, choc-a-block, chock-full, densely packed, packed, packed to the rafters.

* de broma = humorously, teasingly.

* de bronce = brass.

* de buena calidad = good-quality.

* de buena disposición = good-natured.

* de buena fama = of good repute.

* de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.

* de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.

* de buena reputación = of good repute.

* de buenas = on good terms.

* de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.

* de buena vecindad = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].

* de buena voluntad = in good faith.

* de buen corazón = kind-hearted, good-hearted, big-hearted.

* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.

* de buen gusto = tasteful.

* de buen humor = good-humouredly, good-humoured, in good humour.

* de buenos modales = well-mannered.

* de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].

* de buen ver = good looking.

* de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.

* de caballo = huge, humongous [humungous], massive, gianormous.

* de cabo a rabo = lock, stock and barrel, from head to toe, from head to foot.

* de cachondeo = teasingly.

* de cada día = day to day [day-to-day].

* de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.

* de caderas anchas = wide-hipped.

* de cajón = no-brainer.

* de calidad = authoritative, qualitative, quality, well-made, high-end, quality assured, value-added.

* de calidad inferior = low-grade [lowgrade], substandard [sub-standard], low-end.

* de calidad superior = best-quality, top quality.

* de camino = on the way, while we're at it.

* de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.

* de campo = free-range.

* de campos fijos = fixed-field.

* de campus = campus-wide [campuswide].

* de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.

* de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.

* de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.

* de cara a = face-to-face [face to face], facing.

* de carácter = in character.

* de carácter público = state-owned, government-owned, state-run, government-run, publicly owned [publicly-owned], publicly supported, publicly held.

* de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].

* de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.

* de castigo = punitive.

* de casualidad = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck.

* de causas desconocidas = idiopathic.

* de cerámica = ceramic.

* de cerca = at close range, at close quarters.

* de chiripa = by a fluke, by a stroke of (good) luck, by chance, by luck.

* de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.

* de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].

* de cinco días de duración = five-day.

* de cinco estrellas = 5-star [five-star].

* de cinco meses de duración = five-month-long.

* de civil = in plain clothes.

* de clasificación = classificatory.

* de clausura = cloistered.

* de clausura de congreso = end-of-conference.

* de cobre = cupric.

* de cojones = badass.

* de colegas = collegial, buddying.

* de Colombia = Colombian.

* de color = coloured [colored, -USA], non-white [nonwhite], full-colour, in colour.

* de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.

* de color de bronce = brassy.

* de colores = full-colour, multi-colour [multi-color -USA].

* de colores vivos = colourful [colorful, -USA].

* de colorines = brightly coloured.

* de color marroncillo = brownish tinged.

* de color rojo = red-coloured.

* de color rosa = rose-coloured.

* de color verde botella = bottle green.

* de color verde oscuro = bottle green.

* de color y textura parecidos al carbón = carbonaceous.

* de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.

* de cómo = as to how.

* de compañeros = collegial.

* de complicidad = knowing.

* de comportamiento = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].

* de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.

* de conceptos = concept-based.

* de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.

* de conducta = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].

* de confianza = reliable, trusted, trusting, reputable.

* de confirmación = confirmatory.

* de conformidad con = in compliance with, in keeping with.

* de conformidad con eso = accordingly.

* de conífera = coniferous.

* de construcción básica = brick and frame.

* de construcción sólida = solidly-built.

* de consulta fácil = scannable.

* de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.

* de consumo = consumptive.

* de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.

* de contrabando = bootleg.

* de contrapunto = contrapuntal.

* de Corea = Korean.

* de Corea del Sur = South Korean.

* de corral = free-range.

* de corta duración = short term [short-term].

* de corte + Adjetivo = of a + Adjetivo + nature.

* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].

* de costa a costa = coast-to-coast.

* de coste cero = zero-cost.

* de costumbre = usual, usually.

* de creación = authorial.

* de crecimiento continuo = steadily growing.

* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.

* de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.

* de cría intensiva = battery-caged.

* de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.

* de Crimea = Crimean.

* de cristal = glass.

* de crucial importancia = crucially important.

* de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.

* de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.

* de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].

* de cualquier modo = however, either way.

* de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.

* de cuando en cuando = every once in a while, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.

* de cuatro días de duración = four-day.

* de cuatro estrellas = four-star.

* de Cuba = Cuban.

* de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.

* de deficiente calidad = poor-quality, of poor quality.

* de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.

* de densidad doble = double-density.

* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.

* de derechas = right-wing.

* de derecho = de jure [iure].

* de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.

* de desarrollo = developmental.

* de desarrollo autónomo = self-evolving.

* de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.

* de descargo = exonerating, exculpatory.

* de desconexión = cut-off.

* de descubrimiento reciente = newly-discovered.

* de desecho = discarded.

* de desempate = tie-breaker [tiebreaker], tie-breaking [tiebreaking].

* de desguace = written-off.

* de despedida = valedictory.

* de día = in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.

* de día a día = from day to day.

* de diámetro = in diameter.

* de diario = everyday.

* de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.

* de diesel = diesel-powered.

* de diferente modo = differently.

* de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].

* de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale].

* de difícil solución = intractable.

* de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.

* de dirección = directorial, administrative.

* de diseño abierto = open-plan, open-planned.

* de diversa índole = kaleidoscopic, of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.

* de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.

* de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.

* de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.

* de doble filo = double-edged.

* de doble hoja = double-hinged.

* de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.

* de doble uso = dual-use.

* de dolor = in pain.

* de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].

* de donde = whence, whence, from whence.

* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?, where else...?.

* de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.

* de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].

* de dos en dos = two at a time.

* de dos letras = two-letter.

* de dos niveles = two-tier.

* de dos páginas = two-page.

* de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].

* de dos patas = two-legged.

* de dos piernas = two-legged.

* de dos pies = two-legged.

* de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].

* de dos tonalidades = bitonal.

* de dos tonos = bitonal.

* de dos volúmenes = two-volume.

* de duelo = in mourning.

* de duración limitada = timebound [time-bound].

* de Ecuador = Ecuadorian.

* de edad = elderly.

* de edad avanzada = over the hill.

* de edad escolar = school-age.

* de edad mediana = middle-aged.

* de edad universitaria = college-age.

* de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.

* de ello = thereof, therefrom.

* de ellos = theirs.

* de embalsamar = embalming.

* de emisor a receptor = downstream.

* de encaje = lacy.

* de enmienda = amendatory.

* de ensueño = dream-like [dreamlike], picture-perfect.

* de entonces = of the day.

* de entreguerras = interwar.

* de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.

* de entretenimiento = recreational.

* de envergadura = heavy lifting.

* de época = vintage.

* de epopeya = epic.

* de esa época = of the period.

* de escándalo = outrageous.

* de ese modo = in doing so, in this,, thereby.

* de eso = thereof.

* de espaldas anchas = broad-shouldered.

* de especial importancia = of particular note.

* de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.

* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.

* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.

* de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.

* de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.

* de este modo = accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing so.

* de este modo, de esta forma, de esta manera = in this way.

* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.

* de Estonia = Estonian.

* de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.

* de estructura de acero = steel-framed.

* de estructura de madera = timber-framed.

* de Europa del Este = Eastern European.

* de Europa Occidental = Western-European, West European.

* de evaluación = evaluative.

* de éxito = successful.

* de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].

* de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].

* de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].

* de expansión = expanded.

* de explotación = exploitative.

* de extensión = in length.

* de extensión normal = standard-length.

* de extremada urgencia = serious.

* de fabricación casera = homemade.

* de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.

* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.

* de fácil manejo = liftable.

* de facto = de facto.

* de fama = of note.

* de fama internacional = of international renown.

* de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.

* de felpa = plush.

* de fiar = legit.

* de fichas = card-based.

* de fijación de normas = standard(s) setting.

* de final de año = end-year.

* de final de mes = end-of-the-month.

* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.

* de fin de año = end of the year.

* de fin de milenio = millennial.

* de forma = in form.

* de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.

* de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.

* de forma adecuada = adequately, fitly, appropriately.

* de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.

* de forma alternativa = alternatively.

* de forma anónima = anonymously.

* de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.

* de forma apreciable = markedly.

* de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.

* de forma audible = audibly.

* de forma autónoma = autonomously.

* de forma caprichosa = capriciously.

* de formación = formative.

* de forma clara = clearly.

* de forma cognitiva = cognitively.

* de forma colegiada = collegially.

* de forma combinada = in combination.

* de forma competitiva = competitively.

* de forma complemenetaria = complimentarily.

* de forma completa = in full.

* de forma completa, en su totalidad, completamente, por extenso = in full.

* de forma concisa = concisely.

* de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.

* de forma considerable = considerably.

* de forma continuada = continuously.

* de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.

* de forma deductiva = deductively.

* de forma desastrosa = disastrously.

* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.

* de forma diferente = differently shaped.

* de forma digital = digitally.

* de forma divertida = funnily.

* de forma económica = cost-effectively.

* de forma errática = erratically.

* de forma escandalosa = outrageously.

* de forma especulativa = speculatively.

* de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.

* de forma exquisita = exquisitely.

* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de forma federal = federally.

* de forma general = widely, bulk.

* de forma global = holistically.

* de forma graciosa = funnily.

* de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.

* de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.

* de forma grotesca = grotesquely.

* de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].

* de forma heurística = heuristically.

* de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.

* de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.

* de forma indirecta = circuitous route.

* de forma inesperada = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* de forma innata = innately.

* de forma irregular = erratically.

* de forma lamentable = miserably.

* de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.

* de forma mágica = magically.

* de forma mecánica = mechanically.

* de forma mordaz = pungently.

* de forma mordaz, mordazmente, con sarcasmo = pungently.

* de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.

* de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.

* de forma negativa = in a negative light.

* de forma neutral = neutrally.

* de forma notoria = markedly.

* de forma opcional = optionally.

* de forma óptima = optimally.

* de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.

* de forma poco ética = unethically.

* de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.

* de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.

* de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.

* de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.

* de forma práctica = pragmatically.

* de forma precisa = precisely.

* de forma provocativa = provocatively.

* de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.

* de forma que = in ways that.

* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.

* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.

* de forma recíproca = reciprocally.

* de forma rentable = cost-effectively.

* de forma residual = residually.

* de forma ridícula = grotesquely.

* de forma saludable = healthily.

* de forma sana = healthily.

* de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.

* de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.

* de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.

* de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.

* de forma sublime = subliminally.

* de forma suscinta = in brief.

* de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.

* de forma tosca = in crude form.

* de forma trágica = tragically.

* de fotograma completo = full-frame.

* de fotograma doble = half-frame.

* de frente = head-on, frontal.

* de fuera = outside, off-side.

* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.

* de fuerza = forceful.

* de funcionamiento = operating, operational.

* de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.

* de gala = gala.

* de Galileo = Galilean.

* de Gambia = Gambian.

* de gas = gas-powered.

* de generación a generación = from generation to generation.

* de generación en generación = from generation to generation.

* de geofísica = geophysical.

* de gestión = managerial, back-office.

* de gestión del museo = curatorial.

* de Glasgow = Glaswegian.

* de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.

* de grado básico = junior grade.

* de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* de gran belleza = scenic.

* de gran calibre = high-calibre.

* de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.

* de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.

* de gran colorido = brightly coloured.

* de gran corazón = big-hearted.

* de gran efecto = wide-reaching.

* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.

* de gran formato = oversized, oversize.

* de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].

* de gran influencia = seminal.

* de granja = free-range.

* de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.

* de gran lujo = top-class.

* de gran potencia = high-powered.

* de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.

* de gran talento = talented.

* de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.

* de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.

* de gran venta = high selling.

* de guardia = on duty, duty + Profesión, on call.

* de guasa = teasingly.

* de habla afrikaans = Afrikaans-speaking.

* de habla alemana = German-speaking.

* de habla francesa = French-speaking.

* de habla inglesa = English-speaking.

* de habla portuguesa = Portuguese-speaking.

* de hace años = of years ago.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-lost.

* de hace siglos = of yore.

* de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.

* de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.

* de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.

* de hierbas = herbal.

* de hierro = iron, ferric.

* de higos a brevas = once in a blue moon.

* de hoja caduca = deciduous.

* de hoja perenne = evergreen.

* de hojas largas = long-leaved.

* de Homero = Homeric.

* de hongos = fungal.

* de horticultura = horticultural.

* de hoy = present-day.

* de hoy día = of today.

* de hoy en adelante = as from today.

* de hoy en día = of today.

* de huelga = striking.

* de humor = funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.].

* de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.

* de ideas afines = like-minded.

* de igual a igual = as a peer.

* de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.

* de igual longitud = of equal length.

* de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).

* de igual modo = alike, equally, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein.

* de igual modo que = just as, just as well... as..., along the lines of, on the lines (of).

* de igual + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.

* de ilusiones vive el hombre = We are such stuff as dreams are made on.

* de imitación = copycat.

* de importancia = of note, of consequence.

* de importancia creciente = of growing importance.

* de importancia crucial = crucially important.

* de importancia fundamental = critically important.

* de improviso = unawares, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, unexpectedly.

* de incalculable valor = priceless.

* de incógnito = incognito.

* de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.

* de inflexión = inflexional [inflectional].

* de inmediato = immediately.

* de inspiración = inspirational.

* de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.

* de intereses similares = of like interest.

* de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.

* de interés humano = human interest.

* de interés periodístico = newsworthy.

* de investigación = exploratory.

* de isótopos = isotopic.

* de izquierdas = left-wing, leftist, lefty.

* de jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].

* de jarana = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.

* de juerga = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.

* de Kenia = Kenyan.

* de la "a" a la "zeta" = a to z [a/z o a-z].

* de la adolescencia = teenage.

* de la alcaldía = mayoral.

* de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.

* de la cara = facial.

* de la Ceca a la Meca = from pillar to post.

* de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.

* de la cóclea = cochlear.

* de la columna vertebral = spinal.

* de la comedia = comedic.

* de la corteza = crustal, cortical.

* de la cría de aves = avicultural.

* de la duramadre = dural.

* de la edad media = dark-age.

* de la embajada = ambassadorial.

* de la época = of the time(s), of the day.

* de la época isabelina = Elizabethan.

* de la época victoriana = Victorian.

* de la espina dorsal = spinal.

* de la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.

* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.

* de la forma más fácil = the easy way .

* de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.

* de la fóvea = foveal.

* de la gama alta = high-end.

* de la gama baja = low-end.

* de la gama inferior = low-end.

* de la guerra = wartime [wart-time].

* de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].

* de la localidad = locally based [locally-based].

* de la malaria = malarial.

* de la mama = mammary.

* de la mandíbula inferior = mandibular.

* de la mandíbula superior = maxillar, maxillary.

* de la manera normal = in the normal manner.

* de la mañana = a.m. (latín - ante meridiam), in the morning.

* de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.

* de la marina = marine.

* de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + abili.

* * *
I
preposición

Sentido I

1) (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión)

la casa de mis padres/de la actriz — my parents'/the actress's house

el rey de Francia — the king of France

el cumpleaños de Luis — Luis's birthday

no es de él/de ella/de ellos — it isn't his/hers/theirs

su padre de usted — (frml) your father

es un amigo de mi hijo/de la familia — he's a friend of my son's/the family

un estudiante de quinto año — a fifth-year student

la correa del perro — the dog's leash

un avión de Mexair — a Mexair plane

la tapa de la cacerola — the saucepan lid

las calles de la capital — the streets of the capital

la subida de los precios — the rise in prices

al término de la reunión — at the end of the meeting

2)

a) ( introduciendo un nombre en aposición) of

la ciudad de Lima — the city of Lima

el aeropuerto de Barajas — Barajas airport

el mes de enero — the month of January

b) ( con apellidos)

[de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]

Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena — ≈Mrs Mónica Arocena

los señores de Díaz — (frml) Mr and Mrs Díaz

las señoritas de Paz — (frml) the Misses Paz (frml)

c) ( en exclamaciones)

pobre de él! — poor him!

ay de mí! — (liter) woe is me! (liter)

Sentido II

3) (expresando procedencia, origen, tiempo) from

volvía del banco — I was on my way back from the bank

es de Bogotá — she's/she comes from Bogotá

una carta de Julia — a letter from Julia

lo saqué de la biblioteca — I got it out of the library

lo recogió del suelo — she picked it up off the floor

un hijo de su primera mujer — a son by his first wife

al salir de la tienda — as he left the store

un amigo de la infancia — a childhood friend

la literatura de ese período — the literature of o from that period

de un día para otro — from one day to the next

de... a... — from... to...

de aquí a tu casa — from here to your house

de nueve a cinco — it's open from nine to five

4) (al especificar material, contenido, composición)

son de plástico — they're (made of) plastic

una mesa de caoba — a mahogany table

una inyección de morfina — an injection of morphine, a morphine injection

un curso de secretariado — a secretarial course

un vaso de agua — a glass of water

una colección de sellos — a stamp collection

un millón de dólares — a million dollars

5) (expresando causa, modo)

murió de viejo — he died of old age

verde de envidia — green with envy

estaba ronco de tanto gritar — he was hoarse from shouting so much

temblando de miedo — trembling with fear

de memoria — by heart

lo tumbó de un golpe — he knocked him down with one blow

de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — two at a time

de a poco/de a uno — (CS) little by little/one by one

Sentido III

6)

a) (introduciendo cualidades, características)

es de una paciencia increíble — he is incredibly patient

objetos de mucho valor — objects of great value

¿de qué color lo quiere? — what color do you want it?

tiene cara de aburrido — he looks bored

tienes cosas de niño — sometimes you act like a child

una botella de un litro — a liter bottle

un niño de tres meses — a three-month-old child

la chica de azul/del abrigo rojo — the girl in blue/in the red coat

un hombre de pelo largo — a man with long hair

b) ( refiriéndose a una etapa en la vida) as

de niño — as a o when he was a child

7) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad)

el cepillo de la ropa — the clothes brush

copas de vino — wine glasses

ropa de cama — bed clothes

dales algo de comer — give them something to eat

¿qué hay de postre? — what's for dessert?

8)

a) (al definir, especificar)

el botón de abajo — the bottom button

el vecino de al lado — the next-door neighbor

es muy bonita de cara — she has a pretty face

¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? — how are we doing for time?

tiene dos metros de ancho — it's two meters wide

es fácil/difícil de pronunciar — it's easy/difficult to pronounce

b) ( sentido partitivo) of

¿quién de ustedes fue? — which (one) of you was it?

se llevó uno de los míos — she took one of mine

el mayor de los Soto — the eldest of the Soto children

9) ( con sentido ponderativo)

lo encontré de viejo...! — he seemed so old!

qué de coches! — (fam) what a lot of cars!

10)

a) ( con cifras)

el número de estudiantes es de 480 — there are 480 students

pagan un interés del 15% — they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%

b) ( en comparaciones de cantidad) than

cuesta más de £100 — it costs more than o over £100

pesa menos de un kilo — it weighs less than o under a kilo

un número mayor/menor de 29 — a number over/under 29

c) ( con un superlativo)

es el más caro de todos — it's the most expensive one

la ciudad más grande del mundo — the biggest city in the world

11) ( refiriéndose a una parte del día)

duerme de día y trabaja de noche — she sleeps during the day and works at night

salieron de madrugada — they left very early in the morning

12) ( en calidad de) as

trabaja de secretaria — she works as a secretary

hace de rey en la obra — he plays (the part of) a king in the play

13) (en expresiones de estado, actividad)

de mal humor — in a bad mood

estamos de limpieza general/fiesta — we're spring-cleaning/having a party

14) ( en oraciones pasivas) by

una novela de Goytisolo — a novel by Goytisolo

una casa rodeada de árboles — a house surrounded by trees

Sentido IV

15) ( con sentido condicional)

a)

de + inf: de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known o had I known, I would have come earlier; de no ser así no será considerada — otherwise it will not be considered

b)

ser de + inf — (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad)

es de esperar que... — it is to be hoped that...

es de destacar su actuación — her performance is worthy of note
II
femenino: name of the letter d

* * *

= across, in respect for, of, off, out of, from, featuring.

Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex: The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation, that is, the writer of a text, the illustrator in respect for illustrations and others responsible for the intellectual content of a work.

Ex: These institutes brought together some of the most influential people in the field.

Ex: Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.

Ex: However, out of the enormous abundance of information produced, only 50% is new while the rest is redundant.

Ex: From the analysis of some 5760 questions, Wilkinson and Miller developed a 'step approach' to differentiate reference questions according to how many judgmental steps were required to answer them.

Ex: The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.

* abogado de oficio = legal aid.

* actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.

* alabanza de boquilla = lip service.

* alabar de boquilla = give + lip service.

* autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].

* cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.

* comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again.

* de... a = through.

* de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.

* de abolengo = well-born.

* de abordo = in-flight.

* de absorción = absorptive.

* de acá para allá = back and forth, to and fro.

* de acceso público = publicly accessible.

* de acceso rápido = fast-access.

* de acceso restringido = closed access.

* de acción = action-centered.

* de acompañante = in tow.

* de actitud = attitudinal.

* de actuación = for action.

* de actualidad = topical.

* de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.

* de acuerdo a = according to.

* de acuerdo con = according to, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, in + Posesivo + view, judging from.

* de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.

* de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.

* de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.

* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.

* de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.

* de acuerdo con + Nombre = going on + Nombre.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.

* de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + opinion, in + Posesivo + opinion.

* de adaptación = adaptive.

* de frica = African.

* de Africa occidental = West African.

* de agua = water-based.

* de aguas profundas = deep-sea.

* de ahí = therefrom.

* de ahí que = hence.

* de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.

* de Alaska = Alaskan.

* de Albania = Albanian.

* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].

* de alcohol = spirit-based.

* de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.

* de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.

* de alguna otra forma = in any other way.

* de algún modo = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way.

* de algún modo + Adjetivo = otherwise + Adjetivo.

* de algún modo u otro = of some sort.

* de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.

* de algún tipo = of some description.

* de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.

* de alta alcurnia = well-born.

* de alta cuna = well-born.

* de alta densidad = high-density.

* de alta energía = high energy.

* de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.

* de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.

* de alta potencia = high power.

* de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.

* de alta productividad = high-performance.

* de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.

* de alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology.

* de alta tensión = heavy-current.

* de alta velocidad = high-speed.

* de alto abolengo = well-born.

* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.

* de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.

* de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.

* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.

* de alto voltaje = high-voltage.

* de altura = high, top-notch.

* de altura regulable = height-adjustable.

* de aluvión = alluvial.

* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.

* de antaño = of old, age-old, old-time, of yore, of olden days, of yesteryear, bygone, gone by.

* de antemano = in advance (of), beforehand.

* de antes de la guerra = pre-war [prewar].

* de antigua generación = low-end.

* de antiguo = from time immemorial.

* de apariencia = cosmetic.

* de apariencia engañosa = meretricious.

* de aplicación específica = special-purpose.

* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.

* de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.

* de apoyo = enabling, supportive.

* de aprovechamiento = exploitative.

* de aquel entonces = of that day.

* de aquí para allá = back and forth.

* de aquí te espero = tremendous, enormous, humongous [humungous], gianormous.

* de Arabia Saudí = Saudi Arabian.

* de archivo = archival, archive.

* de armas tomar = redoubtable.

* de arranque = bootable.

* de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.

* de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.

* de ascendencia + Adjetivo = of + Adjetivo + descent.

* de asesoramiento = consultative.

* de aspecto = looking.

* de aspecto antiguo = old-face.

* de aspecto complicado = complicated-looking.

* de aspecto delgado = lean-looking.

* de aspecto digno = dignified.

* de aspecto impresionante = impressive-looking.

* de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.

* de aspecto poco profesional = botched-up.

* de aspecto profesional = professional-looking.

* de aspecto ruinoso = run-down.

* de aspecto solemne = dignified.

* de atención básica = preattentive.

* de atención primaria = preattentive.

* de atrás = rear.

* de atrás para adelante = back and forth.

* de aupa = royal.

* de autodesprecio = self-deprecating.

* de autogestión = self-managing.

* de autoprotección = self-protective.

* de autosuficiencia = self-satisfied.

* de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].

* de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].

* de baja ralea = ignoble.

* de bajísima calidad = shoddy.

* de bajo consumo = low energy.

* de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.

* de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.

* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.

* de bajo precio = low-priced.

* de bajo riesgo = low-risk.

* de balde = for free.

* de barrio = neighbourhood-based.

* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].

* de bienvenida = salutatory.

* de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.

* de bodas = bridal.

* de Boole = Boolean.

* de bote en bote = packed to capacity, choc-a-block, chock-full, densely packed, packed, packed to the rafters.

* de broma = humorously, teasingly.

* de bronce = brass.

* de buena calidad = good-quality.

* de buena disposición = good-natured.

* de buena fama = of good repute.

* de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.

* de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.

* de buena reputación = of good repute.

* de buenas = on good terms.

* de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.

* de buena vecindad = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].

* de buena voluntad = in good faith.

* de buen corazón = kind-hearted, good-hearted, big-hearted.

* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.

* de buen gusto = tasteful.

* de buen humor = good-humouredly, good-humoured, in good humour.

* de buenos modales = well-mannered.

* de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].

* de buen ver = good looking.

* de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.

* de caballo = huge, humongous [humungous], massive, gianormous.

* de cabo a rabo = lock, stock and barrel, from head to toe, from head to foot.

* de cachondeo = teasingly.

* de cada día = day to day [day-to-day].

* de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.

* de caderas anchas = wide-hipped.

* de cajón = no-brainer.

* de calidad = authoritative, qualitative, quality, well-made, high-end, quality assured, value-added.

* de calidad inferior = low-grade [lowgrade], substandard [sub-standard], low-end.

* de calidad superior = best-quality, top quality.

* de camino = on the way, while we're at it.

* de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.

* de campo = free-range.

* de campos fijos = fixed-field.

* de campus = campus-wide [campuswide].

* de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.

* de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.

* de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.

* de cara a = face-to-face [face to face], facing.

* de carácter = in character.

* de carácter público = state-owned, government-owned, state-run, government-run, publicly owned [publicly-owned], publicly supported, publicly held.

* de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].

* de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.

* de castigo = punitive.

* de casualidad = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck.

* de causas desconocidas = idiopathic.

* de cerámica = ceramic.

* de cerca = at close range, at close quarters.

* de chiripa = by a fluke, by a stroke of (good) luck, by chance, by luck.

* de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.

* de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].

* de cinco días de duración = five-day.

* de cinco estrellas = 5-star [five-star].

* de cinco meses de duración = five-month-long.

* de civil = in plain clothes.

* de clasificación = classificatory.

* de clausura = cloistered.

* de clausura de congreso = end-of-conference.

* de cobre = cupric.

* de cojones = badass.

* de colegas = collegial, buddying.

* de Colombia = Colombian.

* de color = coloured [colored, -USA], non-white [nonwhite], full-colour, in colour.

* de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.

* de color de bronce = brassy.

* de colores = full-colour, multi-colour [multi-color -USA].

* de colores vivos = colourful [colorful, -USA].

* de colorines = brightly coloured.

* de color marroncillo = brownish tinged.

* de color rojo = red-coloured.

* de color rosa = rose-coloured.

* de color verde botella = bottle green.

* de color verde oscuro = bottle green.

* de color y textura parecidos al carbón = carbonaceous.

* de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.

* de cómo = as to how.

* de compañeros = collegial.

* de complicidad = knowing.

* de comportamiento = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].

* de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.

* de conceptos = concept-based.

* de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.

* de conducta = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].

* de confianza = reliable, trusted, trusting, reputable.

* de confirmación = confirmatory.

* de conformidad con = in compliance with, in keeping with.

* de conformidad con eso = accordingly.

* de conífera = coniferous.

* de construcción básica = brick and frame.

* de construcción sólida = solidly-built.

* de consulta fácil = scannable.

* de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.

* de consumo = consumptive.

* de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.

* de contrabando = bootleg.

* de contrapunto = contrapuntal.

* de Corea = Korean.

* de Corea del Sur = South Korean.

* de corral = free-range.

* de corta duración = short term [short-term].

* de corte + Adjetivo = of a + Adjetivo + nature.

* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].

* de costa a costa = coast-to-coast.

* de coste cero = zero-cost.

* de costumbre = usual, usually.

* de creación = authorial.

* de crecimiento continuo = steadily growing.

* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.

* de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.

* de cría intensiva = battery-caged.

* de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.

* de Crimea = Crimean.

* de cristal = glass.

* de crucial importancia = crucially important.

* de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.

* de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.

* de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].

* de cualquier modo = however, either way.

* de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.

* de cuando en cuando = every once in a while, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.

* de cuatro días de duración = four-day.

* de cuatro estrellas = four-star.

* de Cuba = Cuban.

* de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.

* de deficiente calidad = poor-quality, of poor quality.

* de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.

* de densidad doble = double-density.

* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.

* de derechas = right-wing.

* de derecho = de jure [iure].

* de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.

* de desarrollo = developmental.

* de desarrollo autónomo = self-evolving.

* de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.

* de descargo = exonerating, exculpatory.

* de desconexión = cut-off.

* de descubrimiento reciente = newly-discovered.

* de desecho = discarded.

* de desempate = tie-breaker [tiebreaker], tie-breaking [tiebreaking].

* de desguace = written-off.

* de despedida = valedictory.

* de día = in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.

* de día a día = from day to day.

* de diámetro = in diameter.

* de diario = everyday.

* de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.

* de diesel = diesel-powered.

* de diferente modo = differently.

* de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].

* de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale].

* de difícil solución = intractable.

* de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.

* de dirección = directorial, administrative.

* de diseño abierto = open-plan, open-planned.

* de diversa índole = kaleidoscopic, of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.

* de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.

* de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.

* de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.

* de doble filo = double-edged.

* de doble hoja = double-hinged.

* de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.

* de doble uso = dual-use.

* de dolor = in pain.

* de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].

* de donde = whence, whence, from whence.

* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?, where else...?.

* de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.

* de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].

* de dos en dos = two at a time.

* de dos letras = two-letter.

* de dos niveles = two-tier.

* de dos páginas = two-page.

* de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].

* de dos patas = two-legged.

* de dos piernas = two-legged.

* de dos pies = two-legged.

* de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].

* de dos tonalidades = bitonal.

* de dos tonos = bitonal.

* de dos volúmenes = two-volume.

* de duelo = in mourning.

* de duración limitada = timebound [time-bound].

* de Ecuador = Ecuadorian.

* de edad = elderly.

* de edad avanzada = over the hill.

* de edad escolar = school-age.

* de edad mediana = middle-aged.

* de edad universitaria = college-age.

* de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.

* de ello = thereof, therefrom.

* de ellos = theirs.

* de embalsamar = embalming.

* de emisor a receptor = downstream.

* de encaje = lacy.

* de enmienda = amendatory.

* de ensueño = dream-like [dreamlike], picture-perfect.

* de entonces = of the day.

* de entreguerras = interwar.

* de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.

* de entretenimiento = recreational.

* de envergadura = heavy lifting.

* de época = vintage.

* de epopeya = epic.

* de esa época = of the period.

* de escándalo = outrageous.

* de ese modo = in doing so, in this,, thereby.

* de eso = thereof.

* de espaldas anchas = broad-shouldered.

* de especial importancia = of particular note.

* de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.

* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.

* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.

* de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.

* de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.

* de este modo = accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing so.

* de este modo, de esta forma, de esta manera = in this way.

* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.

* de Estonia = Estonian.

* de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.

* de estructura de acero = steel-framed.

* de estructura de madera = timber-framed.

* de Europa del Este = Eastern European.

* de Europa Occidental = Western-European, West European.

* de evaluación = evaluative.

* de éxito = successful.

* de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].

* de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].

* de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].

* de expansión = expanded.

* de explotación = exploitative.

* de extensión = in length.

* de extensión normal = standard-length.

* de extremada urgencia = serious.

* de fabricación casera = homemade.

* de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.

* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.

* de fácil manejo = liftable.

* de facto = de facto.

* de fama = of note.

* de fama internacional = of international renown.

* de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.

* de felpa = plush.

* de fiar = legit.

* de fichas = card-based.

* de fijación de normas = standard(s) setting.

* de final de año = end-year.

* de final de mes = end-of-the-month.

* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.

* de fin de año = end of the year.

* de fin de milenio = millennial.

* de forma = in form.

* de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.

* de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.

* de forma adecuada = adequately, fitly, appropriately.

* de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.

* de forma alternativa = alternatively.

* de forma anónima = anonymously.

* de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.

* de forma apreciable = markedly.

* de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.

* de forma audible = audibly.

* de forma autónoma = autonomously.

* de forma caprichosa = capriciously.

* de formación = formative.

* de forma clara = clearly.

* de forma cognitiva = cognitively.

* de forma colegiada = collegially.

* de forma combinada = in combination.

* de forma competitiva = competitively.

* de forma complemenetaria = complimentarily.

* de forma completa = in full.

* de forma completa, en su totalidad, completamente, por extenso = in full.

* de forma concisa = concisely.

* de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.

* de forma considerable = considerably.

* de forma continuada = continuously.

* de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.

* de forma deductiva = deductively.

* de forma desastrosa = disastrously.

* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.

* de forma diferente = differently shaped.

* de forma digital = digitally.

* de forma divertida = funnily.

* de forma económica = cost-effectively.

* de forma errática = erratically.

* de forma escandalosa = outrageously.

* de forma especulativa = speculatively.

* de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.

* de forma exquisita = exquisitely.

* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.

* de forma federal = federally.

* de forma general = widely, bulk.

* de forma global = holistically.

* de forma graciosa = funnily.

* de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.

* de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.

* de forma grotesca = grotesquely.

* de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].

* de forma heurística = heuristically.

* de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.

* de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.

* de forma indirecta = circuitous route.

* de forma inesperada = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* de forma innata = innately.

* de forma irregular = erratically.

* de forma lamentable = miserably.

* de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.

* de forma mágica = magically.

* de forma mecánica = mechanically.

* de forma mordaz = pungently.

* de forma mordaz, mordazmente, con sarcasmo = pungently.

* de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.

* de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.

* de forma negativa = in a negative light.

* de forma neutral = neutrally.

* de forma notoria = markedly.

* de forma opcional = optionally.

* de forma óptima = optimally.

* de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.

* de forma poco ética = unethically.

* de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.

* de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.

* de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.

* de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.

* de forma práctica = pragmatically.

* de forma precisa = precisely.

* de forma provocativa = provocatively.

* de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.

* de forma que = in ways that.

* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.

* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.

* de forma recíproca = reciprocally.

* de forma rentable = cost-effectively.

* de forma residual = residually.

* de forma ridícula = grotesquely.

* de forma saludable = healthily.

* de forma sana = healthily.

* de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.

* de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.

* de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.

* de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.

* de forma sublime = subliminally.

* de forma suscinta = in brief.

* de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.

* de forma tosca = in crude form.

* de forma trágica = tragically.

* de fotograma completo = full-frame.

* de fotograma doble = half-frame.

* de frente = head-on, frontal.

* de fuera = outside, off-side.

* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.

* de fuerza = forceful.

* de funcionamiento = operating, operational.

* de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.

* de gala = gala.

* de Galileo = Galilean.

* de Gambia = Gambian.

* de gas = gas-powered.

* de generación a generación = from generation to generation.

* de generación en generación = from generation to generation.

* de geofísica = geophysical.

* de gestión = managerial, back-office.

* de gestión del museo = curatorial.

* de Glasgow = Glaswegian.

* de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.

* de grado básico = junior grade.

* de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* de gran belleza = scenic.

* de gran calibre = high-calibre.

* de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.

* de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.

* de gran colorido = brightly coloured.

* de gran corazón = big-hearted.

* de gran efecto = wide-reaching.

* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.

* de gran formato = oversized, oversize.

* de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].

* de gran influencia = seminal.

* de granja = free-range.

* de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.

* de gran lujo = top-class.

* de gran potencia = high-powered.

* de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.

* de gran talento = talented.

* de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.

* de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.

* de gran venta = high selling.

* de guardia = on duty, duty + Profesión, on call.

* de guasa = teasingly.

* de habla afrikaans = Afrikaans-speaking.

* de habla alemana = German-speaking.

* de habla francesa = French-speaking.

* de habla inglesa = English-speaking.

* de habla portuguesa = Portuguese-speaking.

* de hace años = of years ago.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-lost.

* de hace siglos = of yore.

* de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.

* de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.

* de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.

* de hierbas = herbal.

* de hierro = iron, ferric.

* de higos a brevas = once in a blue moon.

* de hoja caduca = deciduous.

* de hoja perenne = evergreen.

* de hojas largas = long-leaved.

* de Homero = Homeric.

* de hongos = fungal.

* de horticultura = horticultural.

* de hoy = present-day.

* de hoy día = of today.

* de hoy en adelante = as from today.

* de hoy en día = of today.

* de huelga = striking.

* de humor = funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.].

* de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.

* de ideas afines = like-minded.

* de igual a igual = as a peer.

* de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.

* de igual longitud = of equal length.

* de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).

* de igual modo = alike, equally, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein.

* de igual modo que = just as, just as well... as..., along the lines of, on the lines (of).

* de igual + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.

* de ilusiones vive el hombre = We are such stuff as dreams are made on.

* de imitación = copycat.

* de importancia = of note, of consequence.

* de importancia creciente = of growing importance.

* de importancia crucial = crucially important.

* de importancia fundamental = critically important.

* de improviso = unawares, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, unexpectedly.

* de incalculable valor = priceless.

* de incógnito = incognito.

* de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.

* de inflexión = inflexional [inflectional].

* de inmediato = immediately.

* de inspiración = inspirational.

* de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.

* de intereses similares = of like interest.

* de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.

* de interés humano = human interest.

* de interés periodístico = newsworthy.

* de investigación = exploratory.

* de isótopos = isotopic.

* de izquierdas = left-wing, leftist, lefty.

* de jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].

* de jarana = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.

* de juerga = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.

* de Kenia = Kenyan.

* de la "a" a la "zeta" = a to z [a/z o a-z].

* de la adolescencia = teenage.

* de la alcaldía = mayoral.

* de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.

* de la cara = facial.

* de la Ceca a la Meca = from pillar to post.

* de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.

* de la cóclea = cochlear.

* de la columna vertebral = spinal.

* de la comedia = comedic.

* de la corteza = crustal, cortical.

* de la cría de aves = avicultural.

* de la duramadre = dural.

* de la edad media = dark-age.

* de la embajada = ambassadorial.

* de la época = of the time(s), of the day.

* de la época isabelina = Elizabethan.

* de la época victoriana = Victorian.

* de la espina dorsal = spinal.

* de la extensión de un libro = book-length.

* de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.

* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.

* de la forma más fácil = the easy way.

* de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.

* de la fóvea = foveal.

* de la gama alta = high-end.

* de la gama baja = low-end.

* de la gama inferior = low-end.

* de la guerra = wartime [wart-time].

* de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].

* de la localidad = locally based [locally-based].

* de la malaria = malarial.

* de la mama = mammary.

* de la mandíbula inferior = mandibular.

* de la mandíbula superior = maxillar, maxillary.

* de la manera normal = in the normal manner.

* de la mañana = a.m. (latín - ante meridiam), in the morning.

* de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.

* de la marina = marine.

* de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + abili

* * *

de¹

prep

[ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

Sentido I

A

(en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión): la casa de mi hermano/de mis padres/de la actriz my brother's/my parents'/the actress's house

el rey de Francia the king of France

el cumpleaños de Luis Luis's birthday

el cumpleaños de la esposa de un compañero a colleague's wife's birthday, the birthday of the wife of one of my colleagues

no es de él/de ella/de ellos it isn't his/hers/theirs

su padre de usted ( frml); your father

un amigo de mi hijo a friend of my son's

es un amigo de la familia he's a friend of the family o a family friend

un estudiante de quinto año a fifth-year student

el nieto de los Arteaga the Arteagas' grandson

la mesa de la cocina the kitchen table

la correa del perro the dog's leash

un avión de Mexair a Mexair plane

la tapa de la cacerola the saucepan lid

las calles de la capital the streets of the capital, the capital's streets

la subida de los precios the rise in prices

al término de la reunión at the end of the meeting

B

1 (introduciendo un nombre en aposición) of

la ciudad de Lima the city of Lima

el aeropuerto de Barajas Barajas airport

el mes de enero the month of January

el imbécil de tu hermano that stupid brother of yours, your stupid brother

el bueno de Ricardo le aguanta cualquier cosa Ricardo is so good, he puts up with anything from her

2

(en exclamaciones): ¡pobre de él! poor him!

¡triste de quien no conozca ese sentimiento! ( liter); pity the person who has never experienced that feeling! ( liter)

C

(con apellidos): Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena ≈ Mrs Mónica Arocena

los señores de Rucabado ( frml); Mr and Mrs Rucabado

las señoritas de Paz ( frml); the Misses Paz ( frml) [de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]

D

( Arg crit) (a casa de): voy del médico I'm going to the doctor's

Sentido II

A

1

(expresando procedencia, origen): volvía de clase/del banco I was on my way back from my class/from the bank

es de Bogotá she's from Bogotá, she comes from Bogotá

lo saqué de la biblioteca I got it out of the library

lo recogió del suelo she picked it up off the floor

mis amigos de América my American friends, my friends from America

he recibido carta de Julia I've had a letter from Julia

un hijo de su primera mujer a son by his first wife

al salir de la tienda as he left the store

DE … A …:

de aquí a tu casa from here to your house

2 (en el tiempo) from

un amigo de la infancia a childhood friend

data del siglo XVII it dates from the 17th century

la literatura de ese período the literature of o from that period

lo conozco de cuando estuve en Rosales I know him from when I was in Rosales

de un día para otro from one day to the next

DE … A …:

está abierto de nueve a cinco it's open from nine to five o between nine and five

de aquí a que termine tenemos para rato it'll be a while yet before he finishes, he won't be finished for a while yet

B

(expresando causa): murió de viejo he died of old age

verde de envidia green with envy

estaba ronco de tanto gritar he was hoarse from shouting so much

eso es de comer tan poco that's what comes from o of eating so little

Sentido III

A

(introduciendo cualidades, características): es de una paciencia increíble he is incredibly patient, he is a man of incredible patience

un chiste de muy mal gusto a joke in very bad taste

objetos de mucho valor objects of great value

un pez de agua dulce a freshwater fish

¿de qué color lo quiere? what color do you want it?

tiene cara de aburrido he looks bored

ese gesto es muy de su madre that gesture is very reminiscent of his mother

tienes cosas de niño malcriado sometimes you act like a spoiled child

una botella de un litro a liter bottle

un niño de tres meses a three-month-old child

déme de las de 200 pesos el kilo give me some of those o some of the ones at 200 pesos a kilo

la chica del abrigo rojo the girl with o in the red coat

la señora de azul the lady in blue

un hombre de pelo largo a man with long hair

un anciano de bastón an old man with a stick [de is part of many compounds like cinturón de seguridad, hombre de negocios, válvula de escape, etc ]

B

(al especificar material, contenido, composición): una mesa de caoba a mahogany table

una inyección de morfina an injection of morphine, a morphine injection

el complemento ideal de todo plato de pescado the ideal complement to any fish dish

son de plástico they're (made of) plastic

un curso de secretariado a secretarial course

nos sirvió una copa de champán she gave us a glass of champagne

una colección de sellos a stamp collection, a collection of stamps

un millón de dólares a million dollars

C

(con sentido ponderativo): ¡lo encontré de viejo …! he seemed so old!

¡qué de coches! ( fam); what a lot of cars!

D

(al definir, especificar): tuvo la suerte de conseguirlo she was lucky enough to get it

aprieta el botón de abajo press the bottom button

E

1

(con cifras): el número de estudiantes es de 480 the number of students is 480, there are 480 students

pagan un interés del 15% they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%

2 (en comparaciones de cantidad) than

cuesta más de £100 it costs more than o over £100

pesa menos de un kilo it weighs less than o under a kilo

un número mayor/menor de 29 a number over/under 29

3

(en expresiones de modo): lo tumbó de un golpe he knocked him down with one blow

subió los escalones de dos en dos he went up the stairs two at a time

de a poco (CS); little by little, gradually

4

(CS): de a cuatro/ocho/diez: colócalos de a dos/cuatro put them in twos/fours

entraron de a uno they went in one by one o one at a time [de is part of many expressions entered under frente² m A 2. (↑ frente (2)), improviso, prisa etc]

F (en calidad de) as

está de profesor en una academia he's working as a teacher in a private school

le ofrecieron un puesto de redactor they offered him a job as an editor

hace de enanito en la obra he plays (the part of) a dwarf in the play

le habló de hombre a hombre he talked to him man to man

G

1

(limitando lo expresado a determinado aspecto): es muy bonita de cara she has a pretty face

es corto de talle/ancho de hombros he's short-waisted/broad-shouldered

es sorda de un oído she's deaf in one ear

¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? how are we doing for time?

tiene dos metros de ancho it's two meters wide

2

(refiriéndose a una etapa de la vida): de niño as a child, when he was a child

H

(en expresiones de estado, actividad): estaba de mal humor she was in a bad mood

estamos de limpieza general we're spring-cleaning [de is part of many expressions entered under juerga, picnic, obra etc]

I

(indicando uso, destino, finalidad): el cepillo de la ropa the clothes brush

el trapo de limpiar la plata the cloth for cleaning the silver

lo sirvió en copas de champán he served it in champagne glasses

dales algo de comer give them something to eat

¿qué hay de postre? what's for dessert? [de is part of many compounds like cuchara de servir, máquina de coser, saco de dormir, etc]

J (introduciendo el complemento agente) by

una novela de Goytisolo a novel by Goytisolo, a Goytisolo novel

seguidos del resto de la familia followed by the rest of the family

una casa rodeada de árboles a house surrounded by trees

viene acompañado de arroz it is served with rice

acompañado de su señora esposa ( frml); accompanied by his wife

Sentido IV

A

1 (sentido partitivo) of

¿quién de ustedes fue? which (one) of you was it?

se llevó uno de los míos she took one of mine

el mayor de los Rodríguez the eldest of the Rodríguez children

un cigarrillo de ésos que apestan one of those cigarettes that stink

2

(con un superlativo): eligió el más caro de todos she chose the most expensive one of all

la ciudad más grande del mundo the biggest city in the world

B

(refiriéndose a una parte del día): a las once de la mañana/de la noche at eleven in the morning/at night

duerme de día y trabaja de noche she sleeps during the day and works at night

salieron de madrugada they left very early in the morning

ver tb mañana³ f A. (↑ mañana (3)), tarde² (↑ tarde (2)), etc

Sentido V (con sentido condicional)

A DE + INF:

de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known, I would have come earlier o had I known, I would have come earlier

de no ser así no será considerada otherwise it will not be considered

de continuar este estado de cosas if this state of affairs persists

B SER DE + INF

(expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad): es de esperar que … it is to be hoped that …, one hopes that …

no son de fiar they are not to be trusted

es de destacar la actuación de Marta Valverde Marta Valverde's performance is worthy of note

C

de no ( AmL); if not

de²

feminine

name of the letter D

* * *

Del verbo dar: ( conjugate dar)

dé es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
dar
de
dé
dar ( conjugate dar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ( entregar) to give;

◊ dale las llaves a Pedro give the keys to Pedro;

déme un kilo de peras can I have a kilo of pears?;
See Also→ conocer verbo transitivo 3 b, entender verbo transitivo
b) ‹cartas/mano› to give

2
a) (donar, regalar) ‹sangre/limosna› to give;

◊ me dio su reloj she gave me her watch

b) ( proporcionar) ‹fuerzas/valor/esperanza› to give;

‹información/idea› to give
3
a) (conferir, aportar) ‹sabor/color/forma› to give

b) ( aplicar) ‹mano de pintura/barniz› to give

c) ‹sedante/masaje› to give

4 ( conceder) ‹prórroga/permiso› to give;
◊ el dentista me dio hora para el miércoles I have an appointment with the dentist on Wednesday;

nos dieron un premio we won o got a prize
5
a) (expresar, decir) ‹parecer/opinón› to give;

◊ ¿le diste las gracias? did you thank him?, did you say thank you?;

dales saludos give/send them my regards;
tuve que déle la noticia I was the one who had to break the news to him
b) (señalar, indicar): me da ocupado or (Esp) comunicando the line's busy o (BrE) engaged;

◊ el reloj dio las cinco the clock struck five

1
a) ( producir) ‹fruto/flor› to bear;

‹ dividendos› to pay;
◊ un negocio que da mucho dinero a business which makes a lot of money

b) (AmL) ( alcanzar hasta):

◊ da 150 kilómetros por hora it can do o go 150 kilometres an hour;

venía a todo lo que daba it was travelling at full speed;
ponen la radio a todo lo que da they turn the radio on full blast
2 (causar, provocar) ‹placer/susto› to give;
‹ problemas› to cause;
◊ dé trabajo to be hard work;

el calor le dio sueño/sed the heat made him sleepy/thirsty
1 ( presentar) ‹ concierto› to give;
◊ ¿qué dan esta noche en la tele? what's on TV tonight? (colloq);

¿dónde están dando esa película? where's that film showing?
2
a) ‹fiesta/conferencia› to give;

‹baile/banquete› to hold;
‹ discurso› (AmL) to make
b) (CS) ‹ examen› to take o (BrE) sit;

ver tb clase 4
( realizar la accion que se indica) ‹ grito› to give;
◊ dé un paso atrás to take a step back;

dame un beso give me a kiss;
ver tb golpe, paseo, vuelta, etc
( considerar) dé algo/a algn por algo:
◊ lo dieron por muerto they gave him up for dead;

ese tema lo doy por sabido I'm assuming you've already covered that topic;
¡dalo por hecho! consider it done!
verbo intransitivo
1
◊ dar a [ puerta] to give onto, open onto;

[ventana/balcón] to look onto, give onto;
[fachada/frente] to face
2 (ser suficiente, alcanzar) dé para algo/algn to be enough for sth/sb;
◊ no me dio (el) tiempo I didn't have time;

dé de sí ‹zapatos/jersey› to stretch
3 ( arrojar un resultado):
◊ el análisis le dio positivo her test was positive;

¿cuánto da la cuenta? what does it come to?;
a mí me dio 247 I made it (to be) 247
4 ( importar):
◊ da lo mismo it doesn't matter;

¡qué más da! what does it matter!;
¿qué más da? what difference does it make?;
me da igual I don't mind
5 ( en naipes) to deal
1
a) (pegar, golpear): déle a algn to hit sb;

( como castigo) to smack sb;
◊ dale al balón kick the ball;

el balón dio en el poste the ball hit the post
b) ( acertar) to hit;

◊ dé en el blanco to hit the target

2 (accionar, mover) déle a algo ‹a botón/tecla› to press sth;
‹ a interruptor› to flick sth;
‹a manivela/volante› to turn sth
3
◊ dar con ( encontrar) ‹ persona› to find;

‹ solución› to hit upon, find;
‹ palabra› to come up with
4 (hablando de manías, ocurrencias) déle a algn por hacer algo ‹por pintar/cocinar› to take to doing sth;
◊ le ha dado por decir que … he's started saying that …

5 [sol/luz]:
◊ aquí da el sol toda la mañana you get the sun all morning here;

la luz le daba de lleno en los ojos the light was shining right in his eyes
darse verbo pronominal
1 ( producirse) [fruta/trigo] to grow
2 ( presentarse) [oportunidad/ocasión] to arise
3 ( resultar) (+ me/te/le etc):
◊ se le dan los idiomas she's good at languages

a) ( refl) ( realizar lo que se indica) ‹ducha/banquete› to have;

◊ dárselas de algo: se las da de valiente/de que sabe mucho he likes to make out he's brave/he knows a lot;

dárselas de listo to act smart
b) (golpearse, pegarse):

◊ se dio con el martillo en el dedo he hit his finger with the hammer;

se dieron contra un árbol they crashed into a tree;
se dio dé un golpe en la rodilla he hit his knee
( considerarse) dése por algo:
◊ con eso me déía por satisfecha I'd be quite happy with that;

ver tb aludir a, enterado 1
de 1 preposición
1
a) (pertenencia, posesión):

◊ la casa dé dé mis padres my parents' house;

el rey dé Francia the king of France;
no es dé él it isn't his;
es un amigo dé mi hijo he's a friend of my son's;
un estudiante dé quinto año a fifth-year student;
la tapa dé la cacerola the saucepan lid;
un avión dé Mexair a Mexair plane
b) ( con un nombre en aposición) of;

◊ la ciudad dé Lima the city of Lima;

el aeropuerto dé Barajas Barajas airport;
el mes dé enero the month of January
2
a) (procedencia, origen, tiempo) from;

◊ es dé Bogotá she's/she comes from Bogotá;

una carta dé Julia a letter from Julia;
un amigo dé la infancia a childhood friend;
la literatura dé ese período the literature of o from that period;
dé aquí a tu casa from here to your house
b) (material, contenido, composición):

◊ son dé plástico they're (made of) plastic;

una mesa dé caoba a mahogany table;
un vaso dé agua a glass of water;
un millón dé dólares a million dollars
c) (causa, modo):

◊ murió dé viejo he died of old age;

dé tanto gritar from shouting so much;
verde dé envidia green with envy;
temblando dé miedo trembling with fear;
dé memoria by heart;
lo tumbó dé un golpe he knocked him down with one blow
d) ( en oraciones pasivas) by;

◊ un poema dé Neruda a poem by Neruda;

rodeada dé árboles surrounded by trees
3
a) (cualidades, características):

◊ de gran inteligencia of great intelligence;

objetos dé mucho valor objects of great value;
¿dé qué color lo quiere? what color do you want it?;
tiene cara dé aburrido he looks bored;
una botella dé un litro a liter bottle;
la chica dé azul the girl in blue
b) (al definir, especificar):

◊ el botón dé abajo the bottom button;

tiene dos metros dé ancho it's two meters wide;
es fácil de pronunciar it's easy to pronounce;
uno dé los míos one of mine;
el mayor dé los Soto the eldest of the Soto children
4
a) ( con cifras):

◊ pagan un interés dél 15% they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%

b) ( en comparaciones de cantidad) than;

◊ más dé £100 more than o over £100;

pesa menos dé un kilo it weighs less than o under a kilo;
un número mayor/menor dé 29 a number over/under 29
c) ( con un superlativo):

◊ es el más caro dé todos it's the most expensive one;

la ciudad más grande dél mundo the biggest city in the world
d) ( refiriéndose a una parte del día):

◊ dé día/noche during the day/at night;

dé madrugada early in the morning
5
a) ( en calidad de) as;

◊ trabaja dé secretaria she works as a secretary;

hace dé rey en la obra he plays (the part of) a king in the play
b) (en expresiones de estado, actividad):

◊ dé mal humor in a bad mood;

estamos dé fiesta we're having a party
c) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad):

◊ el cepillo dé la ropa the clothes brush;

copas dé vino wine glasses;
ropa dé cama bed clothes;
dales algo dé comer give them something to eat;
¿qué hay dé postre? what's for dessert?
6 ( con sentido condicional):
◊ dé haberlo sabido if I had known, had I known;

dé no ser así otherwise
de 2 sustantivo femenino: name of the letter d
dé see
◊ dar

dar
I verbo transitivo
1 to give: dame la mano, hold my hand
2 (conceder) to give: mi padre me dio permiso, my father gave me permission
le doy toda la razón, I think he is quite right
3 (transmitir una noticia) to tell
(un recado, recuerdos) to pass on, give
dar las gracias, to thank
4 (retransmitir u ofrecer un espectáculo) to show, put on
5 (organizar una fiesta) to throw, give
6 (producir lana, miel, etc) to produce, yield
(fruto, flores) to bear
(beneficio, interés) to give, yield
7 (causar un dolor, malestar) dar dolor de cabeza, to give a headache
(un sentimiento) dar pena, to make sad
le da mucha vergüenza, he's very embarrassed
8 (proporcionar) to provide: su empresa da trabajo a cincuenta personas, his factory gives work to fifty people
9 (una conferencia, charla) to give
(impartir clases) to teach
(recibir una clase) to have
US to take
10 (presentir) me da (en la nariz/en el corazón) que eso va a salir bien, I have a feeling that everything is going to turn out well
11 (estropear) to ruin: me dio la noche con sus ronquidos, he spoilt my sleep with his snoring
12 (abrir el paso de la luz) to switch on
(del gas, agua) to turn on
13 (propinar una bofetada, un puntapié, etc) to hit, give
14 (aplicar una mano de pintura, cera) to apply, put on
(un masaje, medicamento) to give
15 (considerar) dar por, to assume, consider: lo dieron por muerto, he was given up for dead
ese dinero lo puedes dar por perdido, you can consider that money lost
dar por supuesto/sabido, to take for granted, to assume
16 (la hora, un reloj) to strike: aún no habían dado las ocho, it was not yet past eight o'clock
17 (realizar la acción que implica el objeto) dar un abrazo/susto, to give a hug/fright
dar un paseo, to go for a walk
dar una voz, to give a shout
II verbo intransitivo
1 (sobrevenir) le dio un ataque de nervios, she had an attack of hysterics
2 dar de comer/cenar, to provide with lunch/dinner 3 dar a, (mirar, estar orientado a) to look out onto, to overlook
(una puerta) to open onto, lead to: esa puerta da al jardín, this door leads out onto the garden 4 dar con, (una persona, objeto) to come across: no fuimos capaces de dar con la contraseña, we couldn't come up with the password
dimos con él, we found him 5 dar de sí, (una camiseta, bañador) to stretch, give 6 dar en, to hit: el sol me daba en los ojos, the sun was (shining) in my eyes 7 dar para, to be enough o sufficient for: ese dinero no me da para nada, this money isn't enough for me
♦ Locuciones: dar a alguien por: le dio por ponerse a cantar, she decided to start singing
le dio por nadar, he got it into his head to go swimming
dar a entender a alguien que..., to make sb understand that...
dar la mano a alguien, to shake hands with sb
dar para: el presupuesto no da para más, the budget will not stretch any further
dar que hablar, to set people talking
dar que pensar: el suceso dio que pensar, the incident gave people food for thought
dar a conocer, (noticia) to release
de preposición
1 (pertenencia, posesión) of
la dirección de mis padres, my parents' address
el teclado de este ordenador, this computer's keyboard
la primera página del libro, the first page of the book
2 (material) of: está hecho de madera, it's made of wood
una pajarita de papel, a paper bird
(contenido) un vaso de vino, a glass of wine
3 (asunto) about, on: sabe mucho de economía, she knows a lot about economics
un curso de inglés, an English course
un libro de arte, a book on art
4 (oficio) as: está/trabaja de enfermera, she is working as a nurse
5 (cualidad) una persona de carácter, a person with character
una rubia de pelo largo, a blonde with long hair
6 (procedencia) from: es de Bilbao, he is o comes from Bilbao
de Madrid a Cáceres, from Madrid to Cáceres
7 (parte) un poco de leche, a little milk
un trozo de carne, a piece of meat
8 (causa) with, because of
llorar de alegría, to cry with joy
morir de hambre, to die of hunger
9 (modo) lo bebió de un trago, she downed it in one
un gesto de satisfacción, an expression of satisfaction
10 (localización) el señor de la camisa azul, the man in the blue shirt
la casa de la esquina, the house on the corner
11 (tiempo) a las cinco de la mañana, at five in the morning
de año en año, year in year out
de día, by day
de noche, at night
de miércoles a viernes, from Wednesday to Friday
de pequeño, as a child
12 (finalidad) jornada de reflexión, eve of polling day
libro de consulta, reference book
máquina de escribir, typewriter
13 (instrumento) derribó la puerta de una patada, he kicked the door down
lo mataron de una puñalada, he was stabbed to death
14 (comparación) el discurso fue más largo de lo esperado, the speech was longer than expected
(con superlativo) in
el coche más caro del mundo, the most expensive car in the world
15 (precio) for
un pantalón de dos mil pesetas, a pair of trousers costing two thousand pesetas 16 una avenida de quince kilómetros, an avenue fifteen kilometres long
una botella de litro, a litre bottle
17 (condicional) de haberlo sabido no le hubiera invitado, if I had known I wouldn't have invited him
de no ser así, if that wasn't o weren't the case
de ser cierto, if it was o were true
18 (reiteración) de puerta en puerta, from door to door
de tres en tres, in threes o three at a time

'dé' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- a. C.
- a.m.
- abajo
- abanderada
- abanderado
- abandonar
- abandonarse
- abandono
- abanico
- abarrotar
- abarrotada
- abarrotado
- abarrotería
- abastecer
- abastecerse
- abastecimiento
- abasto
- abatir
- abatimiento
- abatirse
- abdicar
- abertura
- abierta
- abierto
- abismo
- ablandar
- abogar
- abogacía
- abogada
- abogado
- abominar
- abominable
- abono
- abortar
- abrir
- abridor
- abrigo
- abrupta
- abrupto
- absoluta
- absolutamente
- absoluto
- abstenerse
- abstención
- abstinencia
- abstraerse
- abuelo
- abuhardillada
- abuhardillado
English:
A
- A-level
- a.m.
- AA
- abandon
- ABC
- ability
- ablaze
- aboard
- about
- about-face
- about-turn
- above
- abreast
- abroad
- abrupt
- absence
- absent
- absolve
- absorb
- abstain
- abstract
- abundance
- abuse
- AC
- accepted
- access road
- accident
- accidental
- acclaim
- accommodate
- accommodation
- accomplished
- accomplishment
- accordance
- account
- account for
- accountable
- accumulation
- accuracy
- accurate
- accurately
- accuse
- accused
- accusingly
- accustom
- ache
- Achilles heel
- aching
- acid test

* * *

de prep de combines with the article el to form the contraction del (e.g. del hombre of the man).

1. [posesión, pertenencia] of;

el automóvil de mi padre/mis padres my father's/parents' car;

es de ella it's hers;

la maleta es de Eva the suitcase is Eva's o belongs to Eva;

el padre de la niña the girl's father;

el director de la empresa the manager of the company, the company's manager;

la boda o [m5] el casamiento de un amigo de mi hermano the wedding of a friend of my brother's, a friend of my brother's wedding;

un equipo de segunda división a second division team;

la comida del gato the cat's food;

el título de la novela the novel's title, the title of the novel;

la pata de la mesa the table leg;

una subida de precios a price rise;

los señores de Navarro Mr and Mrs Navarro

2. [procedencia, distancia] from;

salir de casa to leave home;

soy de Bilbao I'm from Bilbao;

no soy de aquí I'm not from round here;

de la playa al apartamento hay 100 metros it's 100 metres from the beach to the apartment;

estamos a 10 kilómetros de Buenos Aires we're 10 kilometres away from Buenos Aires;

el rey de España the king of Spain;

tuvo dos hijos de su primera esposa he had two children by his first wife;

b de Barcelona [deletreando] b for Barcelona

3. [en razonamiento]
de su sonrisa se deduce que todo ha ido bien you can tell from o by her smile that it all went well;

del resultado del experimento concluyo que la fórmula no funciona I infer from the result of the experiment that the formula doesn't work

4. [con nombre en aposición]
la ciudad de Caracas the city of Caracas;

el túnel del Canal the Channel Tunnel;

el signo de tauro the sign of Taurus;

el puerto de Cartagena the port of Cartagena

5. [en descripciones]
una película de terror a horror movie o Br film;

la señora de verde the lady in green;

el chico de la coleta the boy with the ponytail;

una actriz de veinte años a twenty-year-old actress;

¿de qué tamaño? what size?;

un político de fiar a trustworthy politician

6. [materia] (made) of;

un vaso de plástico a plastic cup;

un reloj de oro a gold watch;

una mesa de madera a wooden table

7. [contenido]
un vaso de agua a glass of water;

un plato de lentejas a plate of lentils

8. [precio]
he comprado las peras de 80 céntimos el kilo I bought the pears that were 80 cents a kilo;

un sello de 50 céntimos a 50-cent stamp

9. [uso]
una bici de carreras a racing bike;

ropa de deporte sportswear;

una máquina de escribir a typewriter;

una máquina de coser a sewing machine;

esta sartén es la del pescado y ésta la de las tortillas this frying pan's for fish and this one's for omelettes

10. [asunto] about;

hablábamos de ti we were talking about you;

libros de historia history books

11. [en calidad de] as;

trabaja de bombero he works as a fireman;

aparece de cosaco he appears as a Cossack, he plays a Cossack;

estás muy guapa de uniforme you look very pretty in uniform;

al desfile de carnaval iré de Napoleón I'll go as Napoleon in the carnival parade

12. [tiempo] [desde] from;
[durante] in;
trabaja de nueve a cinco she works from nine to five;

vivió en Bolivia de 1975 a 1983 she lived in Bolivia between 1975 and 1983, she lived in Bolivia from 1975 to 1983;

de madrugada early in the morning;

a las cuatro de la tarde at four in the afternoon;

trabaja de noche y duerme de día he works at night and sleeps during the day;

es de día it's daytime;

de niño solía jugar en la calle as a child I used to play in the street;

¿qué quieres ser de mayor? what do you want to be when you grow up?;

un compañero del colegio a friend from school;
Urug
de mañana/tarde in the morning/afternoon;
Urug
de noche at night;
Urug
ayer salimos de noche we went out last night

13. [causa] with;

morirse de hambre to die of hunger;

llorar de alegría to cry with joy;

temblar de miedo to tremble with fear;

eso es de fumar tanto that's what comes from smoking so much

14. [manera, modo] with;

de una patada with a kick;

rompió el cristal de una pedrada he shattered the window with a stone;

de una sola vez in one go;

lo bebió de un trago he drank it down in one go;

de tres en tres/cuatro en cuatro/ etc[m5]. three/four/ etc at a time;
CSur
de a tres/cuatro/ etc[m5]. in threes/fours/ etc;

de fácil manejo user-friendly;

ponerse de rodillas to kneel down

15. [con valor partitivo] of;

uno de los nuestros one of ours;

varios de nosotros several of us;

¿quién de vosotros sabe la respuesta? which of you knows the answer?

16. Literario [sobre]
de la paz y la guerra of war and peace

17. [en valoración]
lo tacharon de vulgar they branded him as vulgar, they accused him of being vulgar

18. [en lugar de]
yo de ti no lo haría I wouldn't do it if I were you;

yo de Eduardo le pediría perdón if I were Eduardo, I'd say sorry to her

19. [en comparaciones]
más/menos de… more/less than…;
[con superlativos]
el mejor de todos the best of all;

el más importante del mundo the most important in the world;

la peor película del año the worst film this year o of the year;

la impresora más moderna del mercado the most up-to-date printer on the market

20. (antes de infinitivo) [condición] if;

de querer ayudarme, lo haría if she wanted to help me, she'd do it;

de no ser por ti, me hubiese hundido if it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't have made it;

de ir a verte, sería este domingo if I do visit you, it'll be this Sunday

21. (después de adjetivo y antes de sustantivo) [enfatiza cualidad]
el idiota de tu hermano your stupid brother;

la buena de Susana good old Susana;

¡pobre de mí! poor me!

22. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo)
es difícil de creer it's hard to believe;

una velada imposible de olvidar an unforgettable evening

23. (después del verbo “haber”) [obligación]
he de trabajar más I have to work harder;

has de gastar menos you should spend less

24. (antes de complemento agente)
una película de Buñuel a film by Buñuel, a Buñuel film;

vino acompañado de su familia he was accompanied by his family

25. (antes de adverbio de lugar)
el apartamento de abajo the downstairs Br flat o US apartment;

la fila de delante the front row

♦ de no loc conj
Am otherwise;
dime la verdad, de no te castigaré tell me the truth, otherwise I'm going to punish you

* * *

de

prp

1 origen from;

de Nueva York from New York;

de … a from … to

2 posesión of;

el coche de mi amigo my friend’s car

3 material (made) of;

un anillo de oro a gold ring

4 contenido of;

un vaso de agua a glass of water

5 cualidad

:

una mujer de 20 años a 20 year old woman

6 causa with;

temblaba de miedo she was shaking with fear

7 hora

:

de noche at night, by night;

de día by day

8 en calidad de as;

trabajar de albañil work as a bricklayer;

de niño as a child

9 agente by;

de Goya by Goya

10 condición if;

de haberlo sabido if I’d known

11 en aposición

:

la ciudad de Lima the city of Lima

* * *

de prep

1) : of

la casa de Pepe: Pepe's house

un niño de tres años: a three-year-old boy

2) : from

es de Managua: she's from Managua

salió del edificio: he left the building

3) : in, at

a las tres de la mañana: at three in the morning

salen de noche: they go out at night

4) : than

más de tres: more than three

dé dar

* * *

de prep

1. (posesión de alguien) 's

el coche de Alberto Alberto's car

los gatos de Emma Emma's cats

la profesora de Marta Marta's teacher

es de mi hermano it's my brother's

2. (posesión de algo) of

la ciudad de Roma the city of Rome

el mes de noviembre the month of November

el teléfono del colegio the school phone

los árboles del jardín the trees in the garden

3. (materia)

un balón de cuero a leather ball

muebles de madera wooden furniture

un vaso de plástico a plastic cup

4. (contenido) of

una botella de agua a bottle of water

un paquete de arroz a packet of rice

un vaso de leche a glass of milk

5. (materia, tema)

profesor de inglés English teacher

novela de aventuras adventure story

película de terror horror film

6. (origen, procedencia) from

es de Asturias he's from Asturias

esta carretera va de Salamanca a Zamora this road goes from Salamanca to Zamora

7. (descripción) with / in

la chica del pelo largo the girl with long hair

el hombre de negro the man in black

un chico de doce años a twelve year old boy

8. (agente) by

un libro de Rosa Montero a book by Rosa Montero

9. (con expresiones de tiempo)

es la una de la tarde it's one o'clock in the afternoon

el tren de las diez the ten o'clock train

abren de nueve a siete they open from nine until seven

nunca viajamos de noche we never travel at night

de niño when I was a child

10. (con números, una parte) than / of

había más de mil personas there were more than a thousand people

pesa menos de 5 kilos it weighs less than 5 kilos

un trozo de pan a piece of bread

Spanish-English dictionary > de
20 él

art.

the (in general).

el coche the car

la casa the house

los niños the children

el agua/hacha/águila the water/ax/eagle

fui a recoger a los niños I went to pick up the children

* * *

el

► determinante

1 the

■ el coche the car

■ el agua water

■ el Japón Japan

■ la Sra. Rodríguez Mrs. Rodríguez

■ llegó el martes he arrived on Tuesday

2 el de the one

■ el del traje azul the one in the blue suit

■ el de Valencia the one from Valencia

■ el de tu hermano your brother's

■ el de hoy today's

3 el que (persona - sujeto) the one who; (- objeto) the one, the one that, the one whom

■ el que vino ayer the one who came yesterday

■ el que vi the one I saw

4 (cosa) the one, the one that, the one which

■ el que me diste the one (that) you gave me

* * *
1. pron.
the one

- el que
2. art.
the

* * *

el; la; los; las
ART DEF
1) [con nombres de referente único o concreto] the

el sol — the sun

perdí el autobús — I missed the bus

¿está fría el agua? — is the water cold?

¿ha llegado ya el abogado? — has the lawyer arrived yet?

el tío ese — * that chap

2) [en algunos casos no se traduce]

a) [con nombres propios]

La India — India

en el México de hoy — in present-day Mexico

el Real Madrid ganó la liga — Real Madrid won the league

el General Prim — General Prim

¿qué manda la señora? — what would madam like?

ha llamado el Sr. Sendra — Mr. Sendra called

dáselo a la Luisa — * give it to Luisa

b) [con nombres en sentido genérico]

me gusta el baloncesto — I like basketball

no me gusta el pescado — I don't like fish

está en la cárcel — he's in jail

c) [con infinitivo]

el hacerlo fue un error — doing it was a mistake, it was a mistake to do it

d) [con cifras, proporciones]

la mitad de la población — half of the population

ahora gano el 3% más — I now earn 3% more

3) [traducido por el posesivo]

se lavó las manos — he washed his hands

me he cortado el pelo — I've had my hair cut

ayer me lavé la cabeza — I washed my hair yesterday

me puse el abrigo — I put my coat on

4) [con expresiones temporales]

a las ocho — at eight o'clock

a los quince días — after a fortnight

vendrá el lunes que viene — he's coming next Monday

la reunión será el 15 de abril — the meeting's on 15 April

en el mes de julio — in (the month of) July

5) (=uso distributivo)

cuesta dos euros el kilo — it costs two euros a kilo

6) [en exclamaciones]

¡el frío que hacía! — it was freezing!

7) [posesivo]

• el de, mi libro y el de usted — my book and yours

este jugador y el de la camisa azul — this player and the one in the blue shirt

el del sombrero rojo — the one with o in the red hat

es un traje bonito, pero prefiero el de Ana — it's a nice suit, but I prefer Ana's

y el de todos los demás — and that of everybody else, and everybody else's

el idiota de Pedro no me contestó al teléfono — that idiot Pedro didn't answer the phone

8)

• el que —

a) + indic

el que compramos no vale — the one we bought is no good

a los que mencionamos añádase este — add this one to the ones we mentioned

yo fui el que lo encontró — I was the one who found it

él es el que quiere — it's he who wants to, he's the one who wants to

los que hacen eso son tontos — anyone who does that is a fool, those who do so are foolish

b) + subjun whoever

el que quiera, que lo haga — whoever wants to can do it

* * *

pronombre personal

a) ( como sujeto) he

él me lo dijo — he told me

¿quién se lo va a decir? - él — who's going to tell her? - he is

lo hizo él mismo — he did it himself

fue él — it was him, it was he (frml)

b) (en comparaciones, con preposiciones) him; ( refiriéndose a cosas) it

llegué antes que él — I arrived before him o before he did

eres tan alto como él — you are as tall as him o as he is

con/contra/para él — with/against/for him

son de él — they're his

con/contra/para él — with/against/for him

* * *

(pl los), la (pl las) articulo

[the masculine article el is also used before feminine nouns which begin with accented a or ha, e.g. el agua pura, el hada madrina]

1)

a) ( con un referente único) the

el sol — the sun

la Tierra — the Earth

b) ( con sustantivos en sentido genérico)

odio el pescado — I hate fish

así es la vida — that's life

(nosotros) los mexicanos — we Mexicans

¿ya vas a la escuela? — do you go to school yet?

en el mar — at sea

c) ( con un referente conocido o que se define)

en la calle Solis — in Solis street

el mío/las tuyas — mine/yours

el rojo/último — the red/last one

el estúpido del marido — that stupid husband of hers

los nacidos entre... — those born between...

2)

a)

el + de...: la del sombrero the one with the hat; el de Valencia the one from Valencia; el de las nueve the nine o'clock one; el de Juan/de mi hijo — Juan's/my son's

b)

el + que...: el que acaba de entrar the one who's just come in; las que yo ví the ones I saw; los que estén cansados; those who are tired, anyone who's tired; la que te guste whichever you like; el que lo haya hecho — whoever has done it

3) ( en expresiones de tiempo)

ocurrió el domingo — it happened last Sunday

mi cumpleaños es el 28 de mayo — my birthday's on May 28

el mes pasado/que viene — last/next month

no trabajo los sábados — I don't work (on) Saturdays

toda la mañana — all morning

a las ocho — at eight o'clock

4) ( cada)

$80 el metro/kilo — $80 a meter/a kilo

5) (con fracciones, porcentajes, números)

la mitad/la cuarta parte del dinero — half the money/a quarter of the money

el 20% de... — 20% of...

el cuarto piso — the fifth floor (AmE) o (BrE) fourth floor

6) (refiriéndose a partes del cuerpo, prendas de vestir, artículos personales, etc)

tenía las manos en los bolsillos — she had her hands in her pockets

te cortaste el pelo! — you've had your hair cut!

tienes la falda sucia — your skirt is dirty

tiene los ojos azules — he has blue eyes

7) ( con nombres propios)

a) (con apellidos acompañados de título, adjetivos, etc)

el señor Ortiz/la doctora Vidal — Mr Ortiz/Doctor Vidal

b) ( en plural)

los Ortega — the Ortegas

c) ( con algunos nombres geográficos)

en la India — in India

en (el) Perú — in Peru; ver África, Argentina, etc

d) ( al calificar)

la España de Franco — Franco's Spain

el Buñuel que todos conocemos — the Buñuel we all know

e) ( con algunos equipos deportivos)

juegan contra el Juventus — they're playing against Juventus

8) el ( con infinitivo)

odiaba el tener que pedírselo — he hated having to ask her

es cuidadoso en el hablar — he's careful in the way he speaks

el frenético girar de los bailarines — the frenzied spinning of the dancers

* * *

el²

= the, ye.

Nota: Forma arcaica.

Ex: The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.

Ex: The article 'Ye olde smart card' presents an annotated list of information sources on the credit card industry.

* a lo extremo = to the extreme.

* aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.

* barrio de los ricos = upper town.

* de los mejores = as good as any.

* el abuelo de = the granddaddy of.

* el acabose = the last straw.

* el alcance = comprehensiveness.

* el amor de + Posesivo + vida = the love of + Posesivo + life.

* el año próximo = the year ahead.

* el arte de = the art of, the fine art of.

* el ataque es la mejor defensa = attack is the best form of defence.

* el auténtico = the real McCoy.

* el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.

* el bien de = the good of.

* el buenazo de + Nombre = good old + Nombre.

* el bueno de + Nombre = good old + Nombre.

* el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.

* el camino correcto = the way ahead, the way to go.

* el camino hacia + Nombre + está lleno de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.

* el camino hacia + Nombre + está plagado de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.

* el camino por recorrer = the way ahead.

* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.

* el camino se hace andando = actions speak louder than words.

* el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.

* el charco = the big pond.

* el ciudadano de a pie = the average Joe.

* el ciudadano medio = the average Joe.

* el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.

* el colmo = the last straw.

* el consejo de otra persona = a second opinion.

* el copón = the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers.

* el corazón de = the heart of.

* el crecimiento de = the rising tide of.

* el cual = which.

* el de = that in, that of.

* el diablo está en los detalles = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* el día del Juicio Final = the Day of Judgement.

* El Diluvio = the Flood.

* el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.

* el dinero mueve al mundo = money makes the world go (a)round.

* el dinero no crece en los árboles = money doesn't grow on trees.

* el doble = twice + as many.

* el doble de = twice + the number of.

* El Dorado = El Dorado.

* el enemigo en casa = the enemy within.

* el entonces + Nombre = the then + Nombre.

* el espíritu de la época = the spirit of the times.

* el estado de las cosas = the lay of the land [the lie of the land, -UK].

* el evitar = avoidance.

* el éxito genera éxito = success breeds success (SBS).

* el éxito llama al éxito = success breeds success (SBS).

* el final de = the close of.

* el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.

* el fin del mundo = the ends of the earth.

* el fin de semana = over the weekend, at the weekend.

* el fin de todos los fines = the end of all ends.

* el fin justifica los medios = the end justifies the means.

* el fruto de + Nombre = the fruit of + Nombre.

* el futuro = the way ahead, the way of the future.

* el futuro + estar + justo a la vuelta de la esquina = the future + be + just around the corner.

* el Gato con Botas = Puss in Boots.

* el grado de = the extent of.

* el grado de + Nombre = the breadth and depth of + Nombre.

* el grado en que = the extent to which.

* el gran hermano = big brother.

* el guapo de + Nombre = good old + Nombre.

* el hecho es que = fact is, the fact is (that).

* el hecho es que... = the fact of the matter is that....

* el hombre de la calle = the average Joe.

* el hombre no es una isla = no man is an island.

* el hombre propone y Dios dispone = Man proposes, God disposes.

* el impulsor de = the power behind.

* el interés público = the public interest.

* El Juicio Final = The Last Judgement.

* el lastre de = the shackles of.

* el llevar = carrying.

* el lugar que le corresponde a = the due place of.

* El Mago de Oz = The Wizard of Oz, The Wizard of Oz.

* el más = all-time.

* el más + Adjetivo = the most + Adjetivo.

* el más allá = hereafter.

* el más bajo = rock-bottom.

* el más favorito del mes = pick of the month.

* el más leído = the most widely read.

* el más recomendado = best of breed, the.

* el Mediterráneo = Mediterranean Sea, the, the Med.

* el mejor = best of breed, the.

* el mejor de todos = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.

* el mejor hasta ahora = the best yet.

* el mejor modo de = the best way of.

* el mejor momento de todos = the time of all times.

* el mejor + Nombre = the best available + Nombre.

* el mejor que ha hecho hasta ahora = Posesivo + best yet.

* el mentir = lying.

* el mes pasado = last month.

* el mío = mine.

* el mismo + Nombre (+ que) = every bit as much + Nombre (+ as).

* el mismo número = as many.

* el modo como = the way in which.

* el modo de = the way in which.

* el modo de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.

* el momento preciso = the point in time at which.

* el motor de = the power behind.

* el movimiento se demuestra andando = actions speak louder than words.

* el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.

* el mundo de las noticias = newsmaking.

* el mundo en la palma de la mano = the world in the palm of + Posesivo + hand.

* el mundo está a sus pies = the world is + Posesivo + oyster.

* el mundo es un pañuelo = it's a small world.

* el + Nombre + correcto al + Nombre + adecuado en el momento oportuno = the right + Nombre + to the right + Nombre + at the right time.

* el + Nombre + es inestimable = the + Nombre + cannot be overestimated.

* el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.

* el no va más = the be all and end all, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* el orgullo de = showpiece.

* el otro lado de la barrera = the other side of the fence.

* el padre de = the father of.

* el pan nuestro de cada día = all in a day's work.

* el paso del tiempo = the passage of time, the sands of time.

* el peor de todos = the worst of the lot.

* el perro es el mejor amigo del hombre = a dog is man's best friend.

* el peso de = brunt of, the.

* el populacho = the great unwashed.

* el porqué de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.

* el portavoz de = the voice of.

* el presente = thisness.

* el primer intento = the first time around.

* el primer + Nombre = the earliest + Nombre.

* el primero mencionado = former.

* el principal = the number one.

* el principio de = the dawn of.

* el principio del fin = the beginning of the end.

* el principio de + Mes/Estación = early + Mes/Estación.

* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* el problema obvio = the elephant in the room.

* el proletariado = the great unwashed.

* el pulmón de = the heart of.

* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.

* el que = that, the one.

* el que aprende = learner.

* el que las hace, las paga = you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.

* el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.

* el que no llora, no mama = the squeaky (squeaking) wheel gets the grease (the oil/oiled).

* el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* el que pregunta = inquirer [enquirer, -UK].

* el quid de la cuestión = the crux of the problem, the crux of the matter.

* el registro de los registros = record-of-record.

* el registro modelo = record-of-record.

* el resto = rest, the.

* el resto (de) = the remainder (of), the rest (of).

* El Salvador = El Salvador.

* el segundo mencionado = latter.

* el sendero que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* el ser barato = cheapness.

* el siguiente no, el otro = next but one.

* el sitio adecuado en el momento adecuado = the right place at the right time.

* el sueño de toda persona = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el sueño de todos = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el sueño de todo ser viviente = the stuff dreams are made of.

* el súmmum = the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* el tamaño de = the extent of.

* el tema de la discusión = the focus of the discussion.

* el tema del debate = the focus of the discussion.

* el tiempo de Algo = in season.

* el tiempo es oro = time is money.

* el tiempo lo dirá = only time will tell.

* el tiempo vuela = time flies (by).

* el tipo de = the range of.

* el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

* el total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.

* el transcurrir del tiempo = the sands of time.

* el transcurso del tiempo = as time goes by.

* el último citado = latter.

* el último grito = the last word, the cat's meow, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* el último + Nombre = the latest + Nombre.

* el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.

* el único = the one and only.

* el único e incomparable = the one and only.

* el único e inimitable = the one and only.

* el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.

* el verdadero = the real McCoy.

* el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.

* el ver televisión = television viewing.

* el viejo = the elder.

* el vulgo = the great unwashed.

* el yugo de = the shackles of.

* espicharlas = kick + the bucket.

* la = the, ye.

* la alternativa + ser = the alternative + be.

* la belleza es superficial = beauty is only skin deep.

* La Biblioteca Responde = Ask the Library.

* la Biblioteca y el Archivo de Canadá = Library and Archives Canada.

* la buena noticia = the good news.

* la calidad es nuestro lema = quality is our middle name.

* la calma que precede a la tormenta = the lull before the storm.

* la cambiante fisonomía de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* la caridad empieza por uno mismo = charity begins at home.

* la ciudadana de a pie = the average Jane.

* la ciudadana media = the average Jane.

* la ciudad que nunca duerme = the city that never sleeps.

* la clave de = at the heart of.

* la clave está en la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* la comunidad en general = the community at large.

* la Convención de la Haya de 1954 = the 1954 Hague Convention.

* la copa del árbol = the top of the tree.

* la cosa es que = the thing is.

* la cosa principal = the number one thing.

* la crème de la crème = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.

* la cruz de = the bane of.

* la cuestión es que = the thing is.

* la década de los + Número = the + Número + s.

* la demanda de = a call for.

* la diversidad de = the range of.

* la diversidad de + Nombre = the many + Nombre.

* la edad se lleva en el alma = you are as old as you feel.

* la época de Algo = in season.

* la escoria de la sociedad = the gutter.

* la espalda de = the back of.

* la evidencia = the writing on the wall.

* la fe mueve montañas = faith will move mountains.

* la filosofía de = the reason behind, the reasoning behind.

* la flor de + Nombre = the prime of + Nombre.

* la flor y nata = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.

* la forma correcta de hacer las cosas = the way to go.

* la forma de = ways and means (of/for/to/in/by).

* la forma de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.

* la forma de ver las cosas = the way + to see things.

* la fuerza de la mayoría = strength in numbers.

* la gente decía que = rumour had it that.

* la gente dice que = rumour has it that.

* la gente se está inquietando = the natives are nervous.

* la gente se está poniendo nerviosa = the natives are nervous.

* la gente se puso de pie para aplaudir = standing ovation.

* la gota que colmó el vaso = the straw that broke the camel's back.

* la Gran Manzana = the Big Apple.

* la gran mayoría de = the vast majority of, the bulk of.

* la historia + repetirse = history + come full circle.

* la historia + volverse a repetir = history + come full circle.

* la hostia = the cat's pyjamas, the cat's pyjamas, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* la hoz y el martillo = the hammer and sickle.

* la idea que hay detrás de = the idea behind.

* la imaginación no tiene límites = your imagination is the limit.

* la imitación es la mejor forma de que lo halaguen a uno = imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.

* La Isla del Tesoro = Treasure Island.

* la joya de = showpiece.

* la judicatura = the Bench.

* la justicia = the Bench.

* la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.

* la leche = the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers.

* la luz al final del túnel = the light at the end of the tunnel.

* la magistratura = the Bench.

* la manera de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.

* la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

* la mano que mece la cuna gobierna el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

* la mar de = a whole slew of.

* la mayoría con mucho de = the vast majority of.

* la mayoría de = the majority of, most + Nombre, the main bulk of.

* la mayoría de la gente = most people, the majority of the people.

* la mayoría de las personas = most people, the majority of the people.

* la mayoría de las veces = most of the time, more often than not.

* la mayoría del mundo = the majority of the world, most people, the majority of the people.

* la mayoría del tiempo = most of the time.

* la mayor parte de = the majority of, the main bulk of, the lion's share of.

* la mayor parte de las veces = more often than not.

* la medida en que = the extent to which.

* la mejor forma de hacer Algo = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].

* la mejor manera = how best.

* la mejor manera de = the best way of.

* la mejor oferta = the best deal.

* la mejor opción = the best bet.

* la mejor salida = the best way forward.

* la mejor solución = the best way forward.

* la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.

* la mentira = lying.

* la mirada en = eye(s) on.

* la misma persona = one and the same person.

* la mitad (1/2) = one-half (1/2).

* la necesidad agudiza el ingenio = necessity mothers invention.

* la ocasión la pintan calva = make + hay while the sun shines.

* la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.

* la oportunidad de + Posesivo + vida = the opportunity of a lifetime.

* la parte de atrás de = the back of.

* la parte más dura de = brunt of, the.

* la parte más importante = the heart of.

* la parte principal de = the bulk of.

* la parte superior izquierda de = the upper left of.

* la parte trasera de = the back of.

* la personificación de la confianza en uno mismo = confidence personified.

* la pesadilla de = the bane of.

* la pesca del día = the day's catch, the catch of the day.

* la petición de = a call for.

* la píldora = the pill.

* la plebe = the great unwashed.

* la polla = the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers.

* la práctica hace al maestro = practice makes perfect.

* la primera tentativa = the first time around.

* la primera vez = the first time around.

* la proporción mayor de = the lion's share of.

* la próxima moda = the next hot thing.

* la puntilla = the final/last nail in + Posesivo + coffin.

* la que = that, the one.

* la razón de ser = the reason for being.

* la realidad es que = the fact remains that..., fact is, the fact is (that).

* la rehostia = the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers.

* la responsabilidad ahora recae en + Nombre = the ball is in + Posesivo + court.

* la responsabilidad es de... = the buck + stops....

* la riqueza de = the wealth of.

* la ruina de = the bane of.

* las = the, ye.

* las 24 horas = round the clock, around the clock.

* las apariencias engañan = don't judge a book by its cover, there's more to it than meets the eye.

* las ataduras de = the shackles of.

* las autoridades = the powers-that-be.

* las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.

* las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.

* las cosas no pasan así como así = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).

* las cosas no pasan (así) porque sí = everything happens for a reason (and a purpose).

* las cosas no son tan simples como parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.

* las cosas + seguir + igual = business + revolve + as usual.

* las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.

* las cosas sólo pasan una vez = lightning never strikes twice.

* las cosas son más complicadas de lo que parecen = there's more to it than meets the eye.

* las cosas tal y como son = the birds and the bees.

* las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.

* las de = those for.

* las doce del mediodía = noon.

* la segunda mitad de + Fecha = the latter part of + Fecha.

* la segunda opción = the next best choice.

* la segunda vez = the second time around.

* la semana pasada = last week.

* la senda que lleva a = a/the doorway to.

* la situación = the course of events.

* la sociedad en general = society at large.

* las posibilidades son infinitas = the possibilities are endless.

* las profundidades del mar = the deep.

* las profundidades del océano = the deep.

* las pruebas = the writing on the wall.

* las raíces se encuentran = roots + lie.

* las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.

* las razones de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.

* las Reglas de Cutter para un Catálogo Diccionario = Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalog.

* las triquiñuelas de la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.

* la suerte estaba echada = the die was cast, the die had been cast.

* la suerte está echada = the die is cast.

* la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.

* las uvas están verdes = sour grapes.

* las veinticuatro horas = day and night, day or night, night and day.

* la temporada de Algo = in season.

* la tierra de la abundancia = the land of plenty.

* la tierra de las oportunidades = the land of opportunity.

* la tira de = a whole slew of.

* la tira de tiempo = donkey's years.

* la triste realidad es que = the sad fact is (that).

* la última palabra = the last word, the last word, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* la última vez = last time.

* la última vez que = the last time.

* la única pega = the fly in the ointment, a fly in the soup.

* la unión hace la fuerza = strength in numbers.

* la ventaja de = the beauty of.

* la ventaja es que = on the positive side, the advantage is that, on the bright side.

* la verdad = the lowdown (on).

* la verdad es que = if the truth be known, if the truth be told, the fact is (that), fact is.

* la verdad es que... = the fact of the matter is that....

* la verdad sea dicha = to tell the truth.

* la verdad sea dicha que = if the truth be told.

* la Vía Láctea = the Milky Way.

* la vida continúa = the show must go on.

* la vida + continuar = life + go on.

* la vida es así = life's like that.

* ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.

* la vida + seguir = life + go on.

* la víspera de = on the eve of.

* la voz de = the voice of.

* la voz de la conciencia = the voice within.

* la voz de la experiencia = the voice of experience.

* la voz de la razón = the voice of reason.

* la voz del odio = the voice of hate.

* la voz interior = the voice within.

* lo absurdo = ridiculousness.

* lo adecuado = adequacy.

* lo + Adjetivo + que sea/esté = how + Adjetivo.

* lo anodino = blandness.

* lo anteriormente expuesto = the preceding.

* lo apropiado = appropriateness.

* lo barato = inexpensiveness.

* lo básico = essential, the, nuts and bolts, bare minimum, bare necessities, the, the lowdown (on).

* lo bastante elevado = high enough.

* lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.

* lo bueno de = the beauty of.

* lo bueno es que = the good news is (that)..., on the positive side, on the bright side.

* lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.

* lo bueno y lo malo = the rights and wrongs.

* lo caro = expensiveness.

* lo chicano = Chicana.

* lo chulo = coolness.

* lo cierto es que = fact is, the fact is (that).

* lo completo = completeness.

* lo completo que Algo está = fullness.

* lo creas o no = believe it or not.

* lo decisivo = the last word.

* lo definitivo = the last word.

* lo desagradable = unpleasantness.

* ¿lo dices en broma? = you must be joking!, you must be kidding!.

* lo directo = directness.

* lo divertido = the fun part.

* lo engorroso de = cumbersomeness.

* lo esencial = essential, the, nuts and bolts, bare minimum, bare necessities, the, the lowdown (on).

* lo estrafalario = zaniness.

* lo estrambótico = zaniness.

* lo extenso = comprehensiveness.

* lo favorable = propitiousness.

* lo hebraico = Hebraica.

* lo hecho hecho está = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk.

* lo importante es lo que eres no cómo te llamas = a rose by any other name.

* lo imprescindible = bare necessities, the, bare minimum.

* lo incómodo de = cumbersomeness.

* lo indefinido = indefiniteness.

* lo indirecto = indirectness.

* lo indispensable = bare necessities, the, bare minimum.

* lo insulso = blandness.

* lo interesante = the fun part.

* lo judío = Judaica.

* lo lindo = cuteness.

* lo llano = flatness.

* lo más cercano a = the nearest thing to.

* lo más conveniente es que = optimally.

* lo más destacado = highlights.

* lo más detestado = pet hate.

* lo más importante = most of all, at its core.

* lo más interesante = highlights.

* lo más mínimo = so much as.

* lo más novedoso = the last word.

* lo más odiado = pet hate.

* lo más parecido a = the nearest thing to.

* lo más probable es que = most probably.

* lo más recio de = brunt of, the.

* lo más recóndito = nooks and crannies.

* lo máximo = the be all and end all, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* lo mejor = the top of the tree.

* lo mejor de = the beauty of, showpiece.

* lo mejor de ambas partes = the best of both worlds.

* lo mejor de lo mejor = the best of the best.

* lo mejor de todo = best of all.

* lo mejor entre lo mejor = the best of the best.

* lo mejor es que... = the good news is (that)....

* lo mejor está aún por llegar = the best is yet to come.

* lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.

* lo mejor que pueda = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.

* lo mejor que se puede hacer = the best bet.

* lo mejor + ser = the beautiful part + be.

* lo menos posible = as little as possible.

* lo mínimo = bare minimum, bare necessities, the.

* lo mismo ocurre con = the same goes for.

* lo mismo ocurre en el caso de = the same is true (for/of/with).

* lo mismo que = the same as, along the lines of, in much the same way as.

* lo mismo que antes = the same as before.

* lo mismo que para = the same as that for.

* lo mismo se aplica a = the same is true (for/of/with).

* lo molesto de = cumbersomeness.

* lo mucho que = how extensively.

* lo noble = high-mindedness.

* lo no convencional = unconventional, the.

* lo normal + ser + que = there + be + a tendency (to/for), there + be + a tendency (to/for).

* lo oportuno = timeliness.

* lo pasado pasado está = let bygones be bygones.

* lo peor de = brunt of, the.

* lo peor del = the armpit of the.

* lo pintoresco = quaintness.

* lo plano = flatness.

* lo poco común = rarity, rareness.

* lo poco convencional = unconventional, the.

* lo primero = for one, first off.

* lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.

* lo prometido es deuda = a promise is a promise.

* lo propicio = propitiousness.

* lo público = publicness.

* lo que = that which, what.

* lo que aguarda a = what is on store for.

* lo que Algo o Alguien se merece, lo que le corresponde, bastante = fair share, fair share.

* lo que a uno cura a otro mata = one man's meat is another man's poison.

* lo que demuestra que = which (just) goes to show that.

* lo que el futuro depara a = what is on store for.

* lo que es aun más inquietante = more disturbingly.

* lo que es aun más preocupante = more disturbingly.

* lo que es aun mejor = better still.

* lo que es aun peor = worse still.

* lo que es bueno para uno es bueno para otro = what's sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.

* lo que es bueno para uno también es bueno para otro = what's good for the goose is good for the gander.

* lo que es más = what is more, what's more.

* lo que es más importante = most importantly, more importantly, most of all, most important.

* lo que es mejor aun = better still.

* lo que es muy importante = importantly.

* lo que es peor = what's worse.

* lo que es peor aun = worse still.

* lo que espera a = what is on store for.

* lo que está bien y lo que está mal = rights and wrongs.

* lo que existe (en el mercado) = what's out there.

* lo que haya que de ser, será = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.

* lo que hay (en el mercado) = what's out there.

* lo que hay que hacer = do + the right thing, the way to go.

* lo que hay que hacer y lo que hay que evitar = do's and don'ts, rights and wrongs.

* lo que le corresponde = fair share.

* lo que nos espera = things to come.

* lo que quiera que = whatever.

* lo que sea = something or other.

* lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.

* lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.

* lo que + ser = what + be like.

* lo que se suele pagar = going rate, the.

* lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.

* lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* lo que vale para tí también vale para mí = what's good for the goose is good for the gander, what's sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.

* lo rural = rurality.

* los = the, ye.

* los 365 días del año = year-round.

* los 40 principales = Top 40 singles chart.

* los abajo firmantes = the parties hereto.

* los acontecimientos = the course of events.

* lo sagrado = sacredness.

* los albores de = the dawn of.

* los años cincuenta = fifties.

* los años treinta = thirties.

* los árboles no dejan ver el bosque = lose + sight of the forest for the trees.

* los avatares de la guerra = the tides of war.

* los buenos tiempos = the good old days.

* los comienzos de = the dawn of.

* los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* los de = those for, those in.

* los demás = rest, the, everybody else.

* los detalles de la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* los días antes de = leading up to.

* los dos = both, both of them, both of which.

* los efectos negativos se están dejando sentir ahora = chickens come home to roost.

* los gobernantes = the powers-that-be.

* los hay para dar y regalar = there's one born every minute.

* los mandamás = the powers-that-be.

* los más necesitados = those most in need.

* los más pobres + Nombre = the poorest + Nombre.

* los menos locuaces = inarticulate, the.

* los motivos de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.

* los necesitados = the needy.

* los orígenes de = the dawn of.

* los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].

* los peores + Nombre = the poorest + Nombre.

* los poderes fáticos = the powers-that-be.

* los pormenores de la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* Los Principios de París = Paris Principles.

* los que = those who.

* los que detentan el poder = the powers-that-be.

* los que mandan = the powers-that-be.

* los que no han recibido formación específica = uninstructed, the.

* los que + Verbo = those + Participio.

* los tribunales = the Bench.

* lo suficientemente cerca = within range.

* lo suficientemente cerca como para oír = within earshot of.

* lo suficientemente estúpido como para = dumb enough to.

* lo suficientemente grande = large enough, big enough.

* lo suficientemente lejos como para no poder oír = out of earshot.

* los últimos coletazos = fag-end.

* lo sumo = the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks, the cat's pyjamas.

* los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.

* los viejos tiempos = the good old days.

* lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.

* lo último = the last word.

* lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.

* lo vanguardista = cutting edge.

* lo yidish = Yiddica.

* parmarlas = kick + the bucket.

* ser lo que nos espera = be the shape of things to come.

* * *

el (pl los), la; (pl las)

art

[ the masculine article el is also used before feminine nouns which begin with accented a or, ha e.g. el agua pura, el hada madrina]

A (con un referente único, conocido o que se define) the

el sol the sun

el lápiz/la goma/los lápices/las gomas que compré the pencil/the eraser/the pencils/the erasers I bought

no, ése no, el que te presté ayer/el de Julio/el rojo no, not that one, the one I lent you yesterday/Julio's/the red one

en la calle Solís in Solís Street

prefiero el mío/los tuyos I prefer mine/yours

me atendió el estúpido del marido that stupid husband of hers served me

yo soy la arquitecta, ella es lexicógrafa I'm the architect, she's a lexicographer

yo fui la que lo rompí or rompió I was the one who broke it

los nacidos entre … those born between …

los que faltamos ayer those of us who weren't here yesterday

¿cuál es Ardiles? — el del sombrero negro which one's Ardiles? — the one with the black hat

un encuentro al que asistieron muchas personalidades a meeting which was attended by many well known people

la obra de la que or de la cual hablábamos the play we were talking about

B

(con sustantivos en sentido genérico): me encanta la ópera I love opera

odio el pescado I hate fish

así es la vida that's life

(nosotros) los mexicanos lo sabemos muy bien we Mexicans know only too well

¿ya vas a la escuela? do you go to school yet?

ya salió del hospital she's out of the hospital ( AmE) o ( BrE) out of hospital

en el mar at sea

viajar por el espacio to travel in space

C

(en expresiones de tiempo): ocurrió el domingo de Pascua/en el verano del 76 it happened on Easter Sunday/in the summer of '76

mi cumpleaños es el 28 de mayo my birthday's on May 28

el mes pasado/que viene last/next month

no trabaja los sábados she doesn't work (on) Saturdays

estudió toda la mañana he studied all morning

a las ocho at eight o'clock, at eight

a eso de las seis around six o'clock

D

(cada): lo venden a $80 el kilo/metro they're selling it at $80 a kilo/a meter o at $80 per kilo/meter

¿cuánto cuesta el paquete de diez? how much does a packet of ten cost?

E

(con fracciones, porcentajes, números): me dio la mitad/la cuarta parte del dinero she gave me half the money/a quarter of the money

el 20% de los peruanos 20% of Peruvians

vivo en el cuarto I live on the fifth floor ( AmE) o ( BrE) fourth floor

F [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(refiriéndose a partes del cuerpo, prendas de vestir, artículos personales, etc): con las manos en los bolsillos with my/your/his hands in my/your/his pockets

¡te cortaste el pelo! you've had your hair cut!

tienes la falda sucia your skirt is dirty

tienes el suéter puesto al revés you've got your sweater on inside out

tiene el pelo largo/los ojos azules he has long hair/blue eyes

G (con nombres propios)

1

(con apellidos acompañados de título, adjetivos, etc): llamó el señor Ortiz/la doctora Vidal/el general Santos Mr Ortiz/Doctor Vidal/General Santos phoned

el gran Caruso the Great Caruso

2

(con nombres de mujeres famosas): la última película de la Monroe Monroe's last movie

3

(en plural): los Ortega (matrimonio) the Ortegas, Mr and Mrs Ortega; (familia) the Ortegas, the Ortega family

a los Josés se les suele llamar Pepe people called José are often known as Pepe

4 (fam: en muchas regiones crit)

(con nombres de pila): pregúntale a la Carmen/al Ricardo ask Carmen/Ricardo

5

(con algunos nombres geográficos): en la India in India

en (el) Perú in Peru

ver África, Argentina, el etc

6

(al calificar): la España de Franco Franco's Spain

el Buñuel que todos conocemos the Buñuel we all know

la Italia del siglo pasado Italy in the last century

7

(con algunos equipos deportivos): juegan contra el Juventus/el Barcelona they're playing against Juventus/Barcelona

H el

(con infinitivo): odiaba el tener que pedírselo he hated having to ask her

es cuidadoso y pausado en el hablar he's careful and deliberate in the way he speaks

el frenético girar de los bailarines the frenzied spinning of the dancers

al + INF ver a prep B 2. (↑ a 3)

* * *

Multiple Entries:
el
él
el (pl
◊ los), la (pl las) art the masculine article el is also used before feminine nouns which begin with accented a or ha, e.g. el agua pura, el hada madrina

1
a) ( en general) the;

◊ la Tierra the Earth

b) ( con sustantivos en sentido genérico):

◊ odio el pescado I hate fish;

así es la vida that's life;
(nosotros) los mexicanos we Mexicans;
¿ya vas a la escuela? do you go to school yet?
c) ( refiriéndose a algo que se conoce o se está definiendo):

◊ en la calle Solis in Solis street;

las tuyas yours;
el último the last one;
el estúpido del marido that stupid husband of hers
2
a) el + de:

◊ la del sombrero the one with the hat;

el de las nueve the nine o'clock one;
el de mi hijo my son's
b) el + que:

◊ las que yo ví the ones I saw;

los que estén cansados;
those who are tired, anyone who's tired;
la que te guste whichever you like
3 ( en expresiones de tiempo):
◊ ocurrió el domingo it happened last Sunday;

mi cumpleaños es el 28 de mayo my birthday's on May 28;
el mes pasado last month;
toda la mañana all morning;
a las ocho at eight o'clock
4 ( cada):
◊ $80 el metro/kilo $80 a meter/a kilo, $80 per kilo/meter

5 (con fracciones, porcentajes, números):
◊ la mitad/la cuarta parte del dinero half the money/a quarter of the money;

el 20% de … 20% of …
6 (con partes del cuerpo, prendas de vestir, artículos personales, etc):
◊ tenía las manos en los bolsillos she had her hands in her pockets;

¡te cortaste el pelo! you've had your hair cut!;
tiene los ojos azules he has blue eyes
7
a) (con apellidos acompañados de título, adjetivos, etc):

◊ el señor Ortiz/la doctora Vidal Mr Ortiz/Doctor Vidal;

los Ortega the Ortegas
b) ( con algunos nombres geográficos):

◊ en la India in India;

ver África, Argentina, etc
él pron pers
a) ( como sujeto) he;

◊ ¿quién se lo va a decir? — él who's going to tell her? — he is;

lo hizo él mismo he did it himself;
fue él it was him
b) (en comparaciones, con preposiciones) him;

( refiriéndose a cosas) it;
◊ llegué antes que él I arrived before him o before he did;

con/para él with/for him;
son de él they're his
el art def m
1 the
2 (no se traduce) (ante un tratamiento formal) el sr. Gómez, Mr Gomez
(cuando el sustantivo es general) el hambre/tiempo, hunger/time
3 (se traduce por un posesivo) (con partes del cuerpo) se ha cortado el pelo, she's cut her hair
(prendas) se lo metió en el bolsillo, he put it in his pocket
(pertenencias) guarda el diario en el cajón, put your diary into the drawer
4 (con días de la semana) iré el miércoles, I'll go on Wednesday
5 (cuando el sustantivo está elidido) the one: prefiero el azul, I prefer the blue one
el de las diez, the ten o'clock one
el que está en la mesa, the one that's on the table
el que más nos guste, whichever one we like best
(delante de un posesivo) el de María, Maria's
es el mío, it's mine
él pron pers
1 (sujeto) (persona) he
(animal, cosa) it: fue él, it was him, fue él el que..., it was him that... o it was he who...
2 (complemento) (persona) him
(animal, cosa) it
dáselo a él, give it to him, es para él, it's for him
3 (posesivo) de él, his
4 (oración comparativa) ella es mejor que él, she's better than him o she's better than he is
'él' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abajo
- abalanzarse
- abaratarse
- abarquillarse
- abarrotar
- abarrotada
- abarrotado
- abastecimiento
- abatir
- abatimiento
- abdicar
- abierta
- abierto
- abismo
- abogada
- abogado
- abominar
- abominable
- abordar
- aborigen
- aborregarse
- abortar
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abrir
- abreviar
- abrirse
- absoluta
- absoluto
- abstención
- abundancia
- acabar
- acabarse
- acabose
- acallar
- acanallar
- accionariado
- acero
- achacosa
- achacoso
- achatamiento
- achicharrarse
- aclarar
- aclarado
- acomodarse
- acompañar
- acondicionar
- acostumbrada
- acostumbrado
English:
A
- abandon
- ABC
- ability
- about
- above
- abroad
- abseil
- absence
- absent
- absolute
- absolve
- absorb
- abstract
- academic
- accelerate
- accommodate
- accomplice
- account
- accurately
- accusation
- accused
- accustom
- aching
- act
- act on
- act up
- actual
- actually
- acute
- address
- adequately
- adjourn
- admission
- admit
- advance
- advanced
- advantage
- advantageous
- advise
- advocate
- affair
- afford
- afloat
- afraid
- after
- against
- age
- agenda
- aggregate

* * *

el (f la, mpl los, fpl las) art determinado el is used instead of la before feminine nouns which are stressed on the first syllable and begin with “a” or “ha” (e.g. el agua, el hacha). Note that el combines with the prepositions a and de to produce the contracted forms al and del.

1. [con valor especificador] the;

el coche the car;

la casa the house;

los niños the children;

el agua/hacha/águila the water/axe/eagle;

fui a recoger a los niños I went to pick up the children

2. [con sustantivo abstracto, valor genérico]
el amor love;

la vida life;

el hombre Man, human beings;

los derechos de la mujer women's rights;

los niños imitan a los adultos children copy adults;

el pan es un alimento básico bread is a basic food;

la mayoría de la gente no la conoce most people don't know her;

vuelve el biquini bikinis are back

3. [indica posesión, pertenencia]
se partió la pierna he broke his leg;

se quitó los zapatos she took her shoes off;

tiene el pelo oscuro he has dark hair;

me han robado la maleta my suitcase has been stolen;

se dieron la mano they shook hands

4. [con días de la semana, fechas, horas]
vuelven el sábado they're coming back on Saturday;

los domingos vamos al cine we go to the movies (on) Sundays;

llegaré el 1 de mayo [escrito] I'll arrive on 1 May;
[hablado] I'll arrive on the first of May;
son las siete it's seven o'clock;

el año pasado/que viene last/next year

5. [con nombres propios geográficos]
el Sena the (River) Seine;

el Everest (Mount) Everest;

la India India;

La Haya The Hague;

El Cairo Cairo;

la España de la posguerra post-war Spain

6. [con apellido]
la señora Márquez Mrs Márquez;

el señor/el doctor Juárez Mr/Doctor Juárez;

los Amaya [matrimonio] Mr and Mrs Amaya, the Amayas;
[familia completa] the Amayas, the Amaya family;
los Austrias the Hapsburgs;

el Hitler español the Spanish Hitler

7. Fam [con nombre propio de persona]
llama a la María call Maria

8. [con numerales, porcentajes, fracciones]
el siete es mi número de la suerte seven's my lucky number;

llegó el tercero he came third;

el tercer piso the third floor;

un aumento del 30 por ciento a 30 percent increase;

la quinta parte (de) a fifth (of);

el 20 por ciento (de) 20 percent (of)

9. [en proporciones, precios]
100 pesos el kilo 100 pesos a o per kilo

10. [con complemento especificativo]
el/la del sombrero the one with the hat;

los/las de azul [cosas] the blue ones;
[personas] the ones in blue;
he perdido el tren, cogeré el de las nueve I've missed the train, I'll get the nine o'clock one;

el de aquí this one here;

¿los del parque son amigos tuyos? were those people in the park friends of yours?;

prefiero las del escaparate I prefer the ones in the window;

los del fondo no se callan the people at the back won't shut up

11. [con complemento posesivo]
mi hermano y el de Juan my brother and Juan's;

el mío mine;

la tuya yours;

los suyos theirs

12. [con adjetivo]
prefiero el rojo al azul I prefer the red one to the blue one;

el/la mejor the best;

es la mejor de la clase she's the best in the class, she's top of the class;

los seleccionados realizarán un examen those chosen will sit an exam;

el tonto de Ignacio se equivocó that idiot Ignacio got it wrong

13. [con infinitivo]
el beber tanto acabó con él all that drinking is what finished him off;

es amante del buen comer she loves good food;

me sienta mal el tener que decírtelo I don't like to have to tell you

14. [con frases subordinadas]
el/la que [cosa] whichever;
[persona] whoever;
los/las que [cosas] whichever;
[personas] whoever;
coge el/los que quieras take whichever you like;

el que más corra whoever runs fastest, the one who runs the fastest;

las que quieran venir que levanten la mano those who want to come o anyone who wants to come should put their hand up;

el que no te guste no quiere decir que sea malo the fact that you don't like him doesn't make him a bad person

15. [con valor enfático]
¡la pena que me dio verlo en ese estado! I felt so sorry for him when I saw him in that state!

* * *

el

I art the

II pron

:

el de … that of …;

el de Juan Juan’s;

el más grande the biggest (one);

el que está … the one that is …

* * *

él pron

: he, him

él es mi amigo: he's my friend

hablaremos con él: we will speak with him

el pron, (referring to masculine nouns)

1) : the one

tengo mi libro y el tuyo: I have my book and yours

de los cantantes me gusta el de México: I prefer the singer from México

2)

el que : he who, whoever, the one that

el que vino ayer: the one who came yesterday

el que trabaja duro estará contento: he who works hard will be happy

el, la art, pl los, las : the

los niños están en la casa: the boys are in the house

me duele el pie: my foot hurts

* * *

el det

1. the

¿qué te pareció el libro? what did you think of the book?

perdimos el tren we missed the train

2. (posesivo) my / your / his / her etcétera

me rompí el brazo I broke my arm

es el hermano de María it's María's brother

¿te has cortado el pelo? have you had your hair cut?

se puso el jersey he put his jumper on

3. (característica) the one

¿cuál prefieres? el azul which one do you prefer? the blue one

el del pelo largo the one with long hair

el de la camisa negra the one in the black shirt

me gusta el de Alejo I like Alejo's

¡Ojo! Algunas veces no se traduce

¿quieres salir el sábado? do you want to go out on Saturday?

el Sr. García Mr. García

me gusta el arroz I like rice

el que (persona) the one who / the one that (cosa) the one which / the one that

el que llegó primero the one who came first

el que me dejaste the one you lent me

el que (quienquiera) whoever

con el que that... with

el chico con el que salgo the boy that I go out with

el cuchillo con el que lo corté the knife that I cut it with

en el que that... in

el cajón en el que lo puse the drawer that I put it in

el coche en el que iban the car that they were in

Spanish-English dictionary > él

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to the full extent of his power

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to the full extent of his power

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